In recent decades, our knowledge of the genetics and functional genomics of drug-metabolizing enzymes has increased and a wealth of data on drug-related 'omics' has become available. Despite the availability of large amounts of biological information on xenobiotic biotransformation, the number of available biotransformation pathway maps that can easily be used for visualization of multiple omic...

Drug biotransformation is a crucial mechanism for facilitating the elimination of chemicals from the organism and for decreasing their pharmacological activity. Published evidence suggests that brain drug metabolism may play a role in the development of adverse drug reactions and in the clinical response to drugs and xenobiotics. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) has been regarded mainly as a physi...

Polyphenols have been found in both rodent and human studies to exhibit diverse bioactivities though the mechanisms of action underlying those beneficial functions remain be fully elucidated. animals are widely recognized as xenobiotics known induce adaptive responses. Essential related include expressions antioxidative xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes, heat shock proteins. Additionally, hormesi...

Neonicotinoid insecticides are used for agricultural and non-agricultural purposes worldwide. Pets directly exposed to neonicotinoids in veterinary products through environmental contamination. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) is among the most significant xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes that oxidizes several chemicals, including neonicotinoids. However, CYP activities metabolite compositions of neonicoti...