To apply genetic programming (GP) to evolve λ-expressions, we devised an encoding scheme that encodes λ-expressions into trees. This encoding has closure property, i.e., any combination of terminal and non-terminal symbols forms a valid λ-expression. We applied this encoding to a simple symbolic regression problem over Church numerals and the objective function f(x) = 2x was successfully obtain...

For an integral parameter t ∈ Z we investigate the family of Thue equations F (x, y) = x + (t− 1)xy − (2t + 4t + 4)xy + (t + t + 2t + 4t − 3)xy + (t + t + 5t+ 3)xy + y = ±1 , originating from Emma Lehmer’s family of quintic fields, and show that for |t| ≥ 3.28 ·1015 the only solutions are the trivial ones with x = 0 or y = 0. Our arguments contain some new ideas in comparison with the standard ...

Adult cabbage maggots (Delia radicum L.) were exposed to dry conidia of isolates of several hyphomycetous fungi by placing them in a centrifuge tube containing conidia, then releasing them into small screened plastic cages. Mortality was assessed after 48, 120 and 160 h. A Beauveria bassiana isolate (P89 from Musca domestica) caused the highest mortality after 48 h, resulting in 100% mortality ...

We consider three forms of non-regular iteration in process algebra: the push-down operation $, de5ned by xy = x((xy)(xy)) + y, the nesting operation ], de5ned by xy = x((xy)x) + y, and the back and forth operation , de5ned by x y= x((x y)y) + y. In the process algebraic framework ACP with abstraction and one of $, ] or we provide de5nitions of the following standard processes: stack, context-f...

Let $R$ be a commutative ring and $I$ an ideal of $R$. The zero-divisor graph of $R$ with respect to $I$, denoted by $Gamma_I(R)$, is the simple graph whose vertex set is ${x in Rsetminus I mid xy in I$, for some $y in Rsetminus I}$, with two distinct vertices $x$ and $y$ are adjacent if and only if $xy in I$. In this paper, we state a relation between zero-divisor graph of $R$ with respec...

BACKGROUND 46,XY disorders of sex development (46,XY DSD) are genetically heterogeneous conditions. Recently, a few submicroscopic genomic rearrangements have been reported as novel genetic causes of 46,XY DSD. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS To clarify the role of cryptic rearrangements in the development of 46,XY DSD, we performed array-based comparative genomic hybridization analysis for 24...

Eukaryotic genome similarity relationships are inferred using sequence information derived from large aggregates of genomic sequences. Comparisons within and between species sample sequences are based on the profile of dinucleotide relative abundance values (The profile is rho*XY = f*XY/f*Xf*Y for all XY, where f*X denotes the frequency of the nucleotide X and f*XY denotes the frequency of the ...

It has previously been shown that XO mouse fetuses with a paternally derived X chromosome (Xp) are developmentally retarded and consequently smaller than their XX sibs, and that XX fetuses are retarded when compared with their XY sibs. The genetic basis for these early XO-XX and XX-XY differences has not been determined. Here we show that 10.5 day post coitum XO mouse fetuses with a maternal X ...