— Quantum dissipation, the theory of energy spreading and quantal Brownian motion are considered. In the first part of these lecture-notes we discuss the classical theory of a particle that interacts with chaotic degrees of freedom: • The Sudden and the Adiabatic approximations; • The route to stochastic behavior; • The fluctuation-dissipation relation; • And the application to the ‘piston’ exa...

BACKGROUND Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is one of the most important neglected tropical diseases and a major public health challenge in Iran caused by Leishmania spp and transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies. The number of CL cases has shown an increasing pattern all over the country, including the district of Varamin, southeast of Tehran, Iran. This study aimed to identify the Leishmania spp ...

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES ZCL is a growing threat in many rural areas of Iran which involves 17 out of 31 provinces. This study was conducted from April to November 2011 for evaluation of the efficacy of phostoxin and zinc phosphide against rodents. METHODS Rodent control operations were carried out using phostoxin and zinc phosphide. To evaluate the effect of rodent control operation on the ma...

conclusions regarding infection rate of 17.8%, m. hurrianae seems to play the major role in the maintenance and transmission of disease to humans in this area. materials and methods rodents were entrapped by live traps baited with roasted walnut, tomato, and cucumber during spring and summer. all rodents were identified based on external features including fur color, ears characteristics, tail ...

background rodents play a major role in economic losses and public health problems. these animals are considered as natural reservoir hosts of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (zcl), one of the major health concerns in iran. conclusions the spatial and temporal monitoring of wild rodents will help to predict the potential zoonotic rodent-borne diseases. objectives this research was aimed to stu...

epidemiological features of some of several foci of cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl), such as bushehr province, had not been detected in iran. this study was carried out for detection and characterization of epidemiological features of cl in these regions, from oct. 1998 to oct. 1999. all of the primary school children aged 7-14 years and total populations of 14 villages were examined for the prese...

BACKGROUND Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a neglected, vector-borne parasitic disease and is responsible for persistent, often disfiguring lesions and other associated complications. Leishmania, causing zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) in the Old World are mainly transmitted by the predominant sand fly vector, Phlebotomus papatasi. To date, there is no efficient control measure or vaccine ava...

BACKGROUND Microbes particularly bacteria presenting in the gut of haematophagous insects may have an important role in the epidemiology of human infectious disease. METHODS The microbial flora of gut and surrounding environmental of a laboratory strain of Phlebotomus papatasi, the main vector of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ZCL) in the old world, was investigated. Biochemical reactions ...

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a worldwide public health and a social problem in many developing countries. The main objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between interleukin 4 (IL-4) gene promoter polymorphisms and leishmanial infected people in endemic focus of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL), in north east of Iran. In order to determine of polymorphism of interl...

Both cutaneous and visceral forms of leishmaniasis are prevalent in some parts of the Islamic Republic of Iran [1,2]. The Mediterranean type of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is also reported sporadically throughout the country [3] with canines being the main animal reservoir hosts [4]. The cutaneous form of leishmaniasis is seen in 2 forms: anthroponotic and zoonotic. Anthroponotic cutaneous leis...