...........................................................................................................................................2 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................3 The genetic basis of convergent evolution Approaches to the study of parallel evolution Serpentine soil as ...

Serpentine robots o er advantages over traditional mobile robots and robot arms because they have enhanced exibility and reachability, especially in convoluted environments. These robots are well suited to inspect large space-fairing truss structures such as the future space station and can also be used to inspect the Space Shuttle cargo bay before launch. Serpentine mechanisms o er unique capa...

Robots that mimic the natural motions of animals have long been of interest in science and engineering. The primary engineering interest in such robots is in having them conduct tasks that require complicated locomotion and cognition. Designating an outdoor mobile robot is more challenging work than the indoor mobile robot because it has the capability of operation at all weather condition and ...

Natural habitats vary in the degree to which they are invaded by exotic species, but it is unclear whether they differ in the mechanisms underlying the spatial spread of a given exotic species. To compare the dynamics of invasion in highly invaded nonserpentine oak woodlands and less-invaded serpentine habitats, we used an historical ‘‘experiment’’ consisting of the introduction of several nonn...

A giant serpentine aneurysm (GSA) in the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) poses a technical challenge in treatment given its large size, unique neck, and dependent distal vessels. Here we report the case of a GSA in the ACA successfully treated with a combined surgical and endovascular approach. A 54-year-old woman presented with dull headache. On brain computed tomography (CT), a large mass (7 c...

Chip-based microfluidic separation systems often use serpentine channels to achieve long separation lengths in minimal area. Such designs suffer from the ‘racetrack’ effect due to the bends in the microchannel. In addition, the skew produced by a bend cannot be undone by an equal and opposite bend due to non-axial diffusion occurring in the inter-turn straight channel. This paper analyzes the n...

Cell size, measured as either volume or mass, is a fundamental indicator of cell state. Far more tightly regulated than size is density, the ratio between mass and volume, which can be used to distinguish between cell populations even when volume and mass appear to remain constant. Here we expand upon a previous method for measuring cell density involving a suspended microchannel resonator (SMR...

The fuel cell with a ten-channel serpentine flow field has low operating pressure drop, which is conducive to extended test operations and stable use. According numerical results of the cell, multi-channel usually poor mass transmission under ribs, lower drop not favorable for drainage from outlet. In this paper, an optimized developed address these two disadvantages cell. As per simulation, im...

Apical extracellular matrix filling the lumen controls the morphology and geometry of epithelial tubes during development, yet the regulation of luminal protein composition and its role in tube morphogenesis are not well understood. Here we show that an endosomal-retrieval machinery consisting of Rab9, retromer and actin nucleator WASH (Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein and SCAR Homolog) regulat...

Machine locomotion using wheels, tracks or legs is common where as generating locomotion in a limbless, wheelless system is more challenging. Wheeled locomotion and legged locomotion have already been studied by many researchers in detail. On the contrary the limbless locomotion has drawn very limited degree of interest. In limbless locomotion (of a serpent) the cyclic changes in the body shape...