Insects and parasites dominate the biosphere, in terms of known biodiversity mode life, respectively. Consequently, insects play a part many host-parasite systems, either as parasite, host, or both. Moreover, lot these systems involve adaptive parasite-induced changes host phenotype (typically behavior morphology), which is commonly manipulation. While manipulation have been described within la...

background: aspartate transaminase (ast) is an important enzyme in parasite and liver tissue. the purpose of this investigation is to evaluate triclabendazole (tcbz) effect on ast activity of fasciola gigantica parasite. to compare of enzyme level of parasite and its host tissue, enzyme activity of f. gigantica parasite and liver tissues were also determined. method: the livers were collected f...

Climate change is predicted to cause shifts in parasite distributions, leading encounters with new hosts. Mountains offer a natural experimental background study how distributions vary across climatic gradients. Parasite abundance generally assumed decrease ascending elevation, as colder climates may preclude several parasites complete their life cycles. The present analyses the elevational var...