BACKGROUND The treatment of polymicrobial biofilms with antimicrobial compounds results in not only an overall loss of viability, but also compositional shifts. While DNA-based technologies may be more appropriate for the assessment of bacterial composition than culturing, these techniques amplify DNA from both live and dead cells. Propidium monoazide (PMA) has been used to discriminate between...

In cultured pig coronary smooth muscle cells phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) stimulated the conversion of [4-14C]cholesterol into cholesteryl esters and the incorporation of [2-3H]glycerol into triglycerides 6.4- and 4.5-fold, respectively. The maximal effects occurred after 3 h of treatment and there was a return to basal values after 72 h. In the presence of 400 microM oleic acid, PMA s...

Neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) play a key role in the rewarding and reinforcing effects of drugs of abuse, including alcohol. Ethanol directly increases the firing rate of dopaminergic (DAergic) VTA neurons, but modulation of the firing rate of DAergic VTA neurons can be controlled by a number of factors, including some that are under the control of protein kinase C (PKC). Applicat...

Phorbol ester phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) induces proliferation in nonmalignant human B cells and B cells from a patient with B prolymphocytic leukemia (B-PLL). Mitogen-free T cell-derived conditioned medium acts synergistically with PMA in inducing proliferation of B-PLL cells but does not enhance the PMA-stimulated outgrowth of nonmalignant B cells. Interleukin 2 (IL-2) has no effect on t...

The phorbol ester tumor promoter phorbol-12-myristate-13acetate (PMA) induced mouse resident peritoneal macrophage spreading in an in vitro system in a timeand dose-dependent manner; this process was modified by agents which alter intracellular calcium metabolism. After a 35-min incubation with PMA, 50% of the macrophages were spread (as classified by at least a 2-fold increase in cell surface ...

The response of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor gene to phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) was analyzed using nuclei and nuclear extracts prepared from PMA-treated KB cells. Transient transfection assays and nuclear run-off experiments showed that PMA increased EGF receptor gene transcription. Cell-free transcription with promoter mutants revealed that the region of the promoter c...

The present studies were undertaken to examine the possible regulation of apical membrane Cl-/OH- exchanger in Caco-2 cells by protein kinase C (PKC). The effect of the phorbol ester phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), an in vitro PKC agonist, on OH- gradient-driven 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS)-sensitive 36Cl uptake in Caco-2 cells was assessed. The results demonst...

OBJECTIVES Doxycycline is commonly used in medicine for its bacteriostatic antimicrobial properties. Recent studies have reported that doxycycline also has anti-inflammatory effects. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 has been found to be involved in the physiological and pathological process of inflammatory airway disease. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), a protein kinase C activator, is k...

Addition of polypeptide growth factors to cultured cells results in a rapid stimulation of Na+/H+ exchange, which leads to cytoplasmic alkalinization. We studied the effects of the potent tumor promoter phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) on the Na+/H+ exchange system of A431 cells. Stimulation of Na+/H+ exchange by epidermal growth factor (EGF) and serum as well as by vanadate ions is strong...

DEATH FROM AMPHETAMINE USE is a well recognised occurrence, with most reported fatalities involving the use of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, or “ecstasy”). In 1998, a series of six cases of death due to an unusual amphetamine drug, paramethoxyamphetamine (PMA), was reported in South Australia.1 The only other comparable report of deaths due to PMA was that of nine deaths in Ontario, ...