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Properties of human brain tissue change across the lifespan. Here we model these changes in the living human brain by combining quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measurements of R1 (1/T1) with diffusion MRI and tractography (N=102, ages 7-85). The amount of R1 change during development differs between white-matter fascicles, but in each fascicle the rate of development and decline a...

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is a proinflammatory cytokine, acting through the TNF-R1 and TNF-R2 receptors. The two receptors have been proposed to mediate distinct TNF-alpha effects in the CNS, TNF-R1 contributing to neuronal damage and TNF-R2 being neuroprotective. Whether TNF-alpha and its receptors play any role for neurogenesis in the adult brain is unclear. Here we used mouse m...

Because the left ventricular outflow tract is bounded anatomically by the ventricular septum and the anterior mitral leaflet, the dynamic obstruction of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) can be relieved by resecting either component. During recent years, most surgeons have practiced a traditional transaortic septal myectomy, as popularized by Morrow and associates (1,2). However, C...

The surgical repair of complex congenital heart disease often requires reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) with a valve-bearing conduit. Although, currently, allografts and xenografts are in clinical use, both have significant disadvantages. Notably, allografts are in short supply (especially in small sizes) and they deteriorate quite rapidly (1), whereas xenografts eit...

Homocysteine (HCY) activated mitochondrial matrix metalloproteinase-9 and led to cardiomyocyte dysfunction, in part, by inducing mitochondrial permeability (MPT). Treatment with MK-801 [N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist] ameliorated the HCY-induced decrease in myocyte contractility. However, the role of cardiomyocyte NMDA-receptor 1 (R1) activation in hyperhomocysteinemia (HHCY) l...

Background Measurement of the myocardial extracellular volume fraction (ECV) assumes a dynamic equilibrium with rapid exchange of an extracellular contrast agent between myocardium and blood. This equilibrium would be manifested by a linear relationship between 1/T1 (R1) of myocardium and 1/T1* (R1*) of blood. This relationship has been shown to be non-linear for high R1 values in mice, and thi...

Rhesus monkey rhadinovirus (RRV) is a gamma-2 herpesvirus that is most closely related to the human Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). We have identified a distinct open reading frame at the left end of RRV and designated it R1. The position of the R1 gene is equivalent to that of the saimiri transforming protein (STP) of herpesvirus saimiri (HVS) and of K1 of KSHV, other members o...