One of the primary outputs of the nucleus accumbens is directed to the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus (MD) via its projections to the ventral pallidum (VP), with the core and shell regions of the accumbens projecting to the lateral and medial aspects of the VP, respectively. In this study, the multisynaptic organization of nucleus accumbens projections was assessed using intracerebral injections ...

A rise in arterial Pco(2) stimulates breathing and sympathetic activity to the heart and blood vessels. In the present study, we investigated the involvement of the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) and glutamatergic mechanisms in the Bötzinger/C1 region (Bötz/C1) in these responses. Splanchnic sympathetic nerve discharge (sSND) and phrenic nerve discharge (PND) were recorded in urethane-anesthetize...

Central chemoreceptors are widespread within the brain stem. We suggest that their function at some sites may vary with the state of arousal. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the function of chemoreceptors in the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) varies with sleep and wakefulness. In unanesthetized rats, we produced focal acidification of the RTN by means of a microdialysis probe (tip co...

Glia are thought to be important in brain extracellular fluid ion and pH regulation, but their role in brain stem sites that sense pH and stimulate breathing is unknown. Using a diffusion pipette, we administered the glial toxin, fluorocitrate (FC; 1 mM) into one such brain stem region, the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) for 45-60 min. This dose and time period were chosen so that the effects of ...

We obtained rat brain slices (550-650 microm) that contained part of the frontoparietal cortex along with a portion of the thalamic ventrobasal complex (VB) and of the reticular nucleus (RTN). Maintained reciprocal thalamocortical connectivity was demonstrated by VB stimulation, which elicited orthodromic and antidromic responses in the cortex, along with re-entry of thalamocortical firing orig...

Synchrony within the thalamocortical system is regulated in part by intranuclear synaptic inhibition within the reticular nucleus (RTN). Inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) in RTN neurons are largely characterized by slow decay kinetics that result in powerful and prolonged suppression of spikes. Here we show that some individual RTN neurons are characterized by highly variable mixtures of...

Reticulons (RTNs) are a family of evolutionary conserved proteins with four RTN paralogs (RTN1, RTN2, RTN3, and RTN4) present in land vertebrates. While the exact functions of RTN1 to RTN3 are unknown, mammalian RTN4-A/Nogo-A was shown to inhibit the regeneration of severed axons in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). This inhibitory function is exerted via two distinct regions, one wit...

We consider the problem of analyzing spin-flip qubit gate operation in presence Random Telegraph Noise (RTN). Our compressive approach is following. By using Feynman disentangling operators method, we calculate probability driven by different kinds composite pulses, e.g., Constant pulse (C-pulse), Quantum Well (QW-pulse), and Barrier Potential (BP-pulse) RTN. When pulses RTN act x-direction z-d...

Random telegraph noise (RTN) adversely impacts circuit performance and this impact increases for smaller devices lower operation voltage. To optimize the design, many efforts have been made to model RTN. RTN is highly stochastic, with significant device-to-device variations (DDVs). Early works often characterize individual traps first then group them together extract their statistical distribut...