Human aromatase is responsible for the last step of estrogen biosynthesis, for the aromatization of ring A of androstenedione (ASD) or testosterone. In this work the mechanism of aromatization was studied using gas phase and hybrid QM/MM calculations. It is shown that human aromatase can efficiently catalyze the aromatization process via a Compound I (or Compound II) mediated pathway. The natur...

We present a comparison between the published optical, IR and CO spectroscopic redshifts of 86 (sub-)mm galaxies and their photometric redshifts as derived from long-wavelength (radio–mm–FIR) photometric data. The redshift accuracy measured for 13 sub-mm galaxies with at least one robustlydetermined colour in the radio–mm–FIR regime and additional constraining upper limits is ∆z ≈ 0.30. This ac...

This paper presents an effective design methodology and flow, which is validated through three mmwave/sub-mm-wave amplifiers: including W-band LNA with NF=7dB, W-band PA with PAE >11% and D-band amplifier with gain>20dB. The CMOS based amplifiers can be integrated with III-V materials to form heterogeneous integration, such as COSMOS, to achieve the best performance for various applications.