The stimulation of the Hill reaction in CO(2)-depleted broken chloroplasts (Pisum sativum L. cv Rondo) by the total amount of dissolved CO(2) and HCO(3) (-) (bicarbonate(*)) was measured at several formate concentrations. Formate appears to be a competitive inhibitor of the bicarbonate(*) stimulation of electron flow. From these experiments we have obtained a reactivation constant (K(r)) of 78 ...

Pyruvate formate-lyase (also called formate acetyltransferase; EC 2.3.1.54; PFI .) catalyses the thiolytic cleavage of pyruvate by CoA, yielding acetyl-CoA and formate. This reaction is the key step in the glucose-fermentation route in Escherichziz coli and various other bacteria. Operationally, it resembles the (B-keto)thiolase reaction of the fatty-acid degradation cycle. The mechanism of pyr...

Starch is one of the most widely used biopolymers in water based drilling fluids to control fluid loss. The thermal stability of starch in common drilling fluids is low (93 °C). In this study, the thermal stability of starch has been evaluated in sodium/potassium formate and potassium chloride fluids. Samples of mud were prepared by formate salts (sodium and potassium) and potassium chloride wi...

26 Enterobacteria like Escherichia coli generate formate, lactate, acetate and succinate as major 27 acidic fermentation products. Accumulation of these products in the cytoplasm would lead to 28 uncoupling of the membrane potential and therefore they must be either metabolized rapidly 29 or exported from the cell. E. coli has three membrane-localized formate dehydrogenases 30 (FDH) that oxidiz...

The postharvest control of arthropod pests is a challenge that the California citrus industry must overcome when exporting fruit overseas. Currently, methyl bromide fumigation is used to control postharvest pests on exported citrus, but it may soon be unavailable because of use restrictions and cost of this health-hazard ozone-depleting chemical. Ethyl formate is a natural plant volatile and po...

Preliminary EXAFS data has been collected on the molybdenum (K-edge) in C. pasteurianum formate dehydrogenase and the tungsten (LIII-edge) in C. thermoaceticum formate dehydrogenase. In the presence of dithionite, the tungsten enzyme was devoid of W = O bonds, and exhibited average W-(O, N) and W-S bond lengths of 2.13 +/- 0.03 A and 2.39 +/- 0.03 A, respectively. In sharp contrast, the C. past...

Methionine was found to be more efficient than formate, serine, bicarbonate, formaldehyde, or choline as a source of the C-28 methyl group of ergosterol in yeast (1). While transfer of an intact methyl group to carbon has not been previously recorded, oxidation of the methyl group of methionine to formate has been demonstrated and formate-Cl* has been shown to give rise to C-28 of ergosterol (2...

Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a versatile organism for making nucleotides labeled with stable isotopes ((13)C, (15)N, and/or (2)H) for structural and molecular dynamics characterizations. Growth of a mutant E. coli strain deficient in the pentose phosphate pathway enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (K10-1516) on 2-(13)C-glycerol and (15)N-ammonium sulfate in Studier minimal medium enables...

FocA is the archetype of the pentameric formate-nitrite transporter (FNT) superfamily of channels, members of which translocate small organic and inorganic anions across the cytoplasmic membrane of microorganisms. The N- and C-termini of each protomer are cytoplasmically oriented. A Y-L-R motif is found immediately after transmembrane helix 6 at the C-terminus of FNT proteins related to FocA, o...

Background Formic acid (formate) is the main reason for toxicity and death through methanol poisoning. The simultaneous determination of methanol, ethanol, and formate in the body can help to discover the cause of death and is useful in the diagnosis of acute methanol poisoning. The measurement of formate is not yet available in Iran. With regard to the increasing rate of methanol poisoning and...