Let G be a group and R G-graded ring. In this paper, we present examine the concept of graded weakly 2-absorbing ideals as in generality prime ring which is not commutative, demonstrates that symmetry obtained lot outcomes commutative rings remain are commutative.

Gu map-1 is a modified version of GGH map. It uses same ideal lattices for constructing the trapdoors, while the novelty is that no encodings of zero are given. In this short paper we show that Gu map-1 cannot be used for the instance of witness encryption (WE) based on the hardness of 3-exact cover problem. That is, if Gu map-1 is used for such instance, we can break it by soving a combined 3-...

The possibility of using the self-induced transparency effect to achieve laser mode locking has been discussed since the late 1960s but has never been observed. In prior work, we proposed that quantum cascade lasers are the ideal tool to realize self-induced transparency mode locking due to their rapid gain recovery times and relatively long coherence times, and because it is possible to interl...

Let $G$ be a group with identity $e$. $R$ $G$-graded commutative ring, $M$ graded $R$-module and $A\subseteq h(R)$ multiplicatively closed subset of $R$. In this paper, we introduce the concept $A$-2-absorbing submodules as generalization 2-absorbing $A$-prime $M.$ We investigate some properties class submodules.

An old question of T. Jech and K. Prikry asks if an existence of a precipitous ideal implies necessary existence of a normal precipitous ideal. The aim of the paper is to prove some results in the positive direction. Thus, it is shown that under some mild assumptions, an existence of a precipitous ideal over א1 implies an existence of a normal precipitous ideal over א1 once a Cohen subset is ad...