KEYWORDS: kinetics, horse, locomotion. REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Equine gait analysis has focused on 2D analysis in the sagittal plane, while descriptions of 3D kinetics and ground reaction force could provide more information on the Equine gait analysis. HYPOTHESIS OR OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to characterize the 3D torques and powers of the forelimb joints at trotting. METHODS...

Alcohol (ethanol) is a drug, and health professionals should know something of its physiological and pathological effects and its handling by the body. It is a small, water soluble molecule that is relatively slowly absorbed from the stomach, more rapidly absorbed from the small intestine, and freely distributed throughout the body. Alcoholic drinks are a major source of energy—for example, six...

Introduction Proton therapy is used to treat malignant tumors such as melanoma inside the eye. Proton particles are adjusted according to various parameters such as tumor size and position and patient’s distance from the proton source. The purpose of this study was to assess absorbed doses in eyes and various tumors found in the area of sclera and choroid and the adjacent tissues in radiotherap...

The AAPM Task Group 21 protocol for the calibration of high-energy photon and electron beams was produced to accomplish essentially two goals: (1) incorporate the latest physical data available for calculating absorbed dose from ionization measurements and (2) to eliminate inconsistencies in absorbed dose measurements made with various ion chamber and phantom combinations. The ability of the pr...

Aims. We propose a new approximation for the cyclo–synchrotron emissivity of a single electron. In the second part of this work, we discuss a simple application for our approximation, and investigate the heating of electrons through the self–absorption process. Finally, we investigate the self–absorbed part of the spectrum produced by a power–law population of electrons. Methods. In comparison ...

Introduction: In the last 5 years the American Association of Physicists in Medicine Task Group 51 (AAPM TG-51) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) published a new high-energy photon and electron dosimetry protocol. These protocols are based on the use of an ion chamber having an absorbed-dose to water calibration factor. These are different from the previous NCS report-2 and IAEA...

background: monte carlo method (mc) has played an important role in design and optimization of medical linacs head and beam modeling. the purpose of this study was to compare photon beam features of two commercial linacs, varian 21ex and elekta sl-25 using mcnp4c mc code. materials and methods: the 6mv photon beams of varian 21ex and elekta sl-25 linacs were simulated based on manufacturers pro...