objective: vitex agnus-castus (vac) and its essential oil have been traditionally used to treat many conditions and symptoms such as premenstrual problems, mastalgia, inflammation, sexual dysfunction, and pain. in this study, the effects of essential oil extracted from vitex agnus-castus (eovac) leaves were investigated in three behavioral models of nociception in adult male wistar rats. materi...

A new perspective on the severity of aquatic toxicity impact of road salt was gained by a focused research effort directed at winter runoff periods. Dramatic impacts were observed on local, regional, and national scales. Locally, samples from 7 of 13 Milwaukee, Wisconsin area streams exhibited toxicity in Ceriodaphnia dubia and Pimephales promelas bioassays during road-salt runoff. Another Milw...

abstract background: herbal distillates have been used for many centuries as drinks, flavors, and herbal medicine in iran, especially in the city of urmia. recently, some studies claimed the presence of methanol in different types of herbal distillates. methanol is a highly toxic compound which can cause acute or chronic toxicity in humans. acute poisoning with methanol can cause different comp...

The Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids (PAs) are a group of chemicals found in a variety of plant species throughout the world. These toxic alkaloids are distributed mainly in Senecio (Compositae), Crotalaria (Legominosae) and Heliotropium (Boraginaceae) species. Plants containing these alkaloids cause significant mammalian morbidity and mortality, especially in humans. Upon ingestion, metabolic activatio...

2,4,6-Trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) is a common chemical intermediate and a by-product of water chlorination and combustion processes, and is a priority pollutant of the aquatic environment in many countries. Although information on the toxicity of 2,4,6-TCP is available, there is a lack of information on the predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) of 2,4,6-TCP, mainly due to the shortage of chr...

The Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids (PAs) are a group of chemicals found in a variety of plant species throughout the world. These toxic alkaloids are distributed mainly in Senecio (Compositae), Crotalaria (Legominosae) and Heliotropium (Boraginaceae) species. Plants containing these alkaloids cause significant mammalian morbidity and mortality, especially in humans. Upon ingestion, metabolic activatio...

Background: Opiates affect blood factors as well as pain and inflammation in a gender-dependent manner. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of morphine on serum glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, and urea in gonadectomized and inflammation conditions. Methods: Animals were divided as follows: control group, carrageenan and chronic morphine recipients, acute morphine recip...

PURPOSE Raf/mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase (MEK)/ERK signaling pathway is constitutively activated in melanoma. AZD6244 blocks MEK1/2, inhibiting ERK phosphorylation. We focus on associated cutaneous toxicity and we attempt to understand the underlying pathophysiology and design treatment strategies. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Dermatologic conditions of ...

conclusions serum ngal levels of arf and crf patients were significantly higher than healthy individuals. in addition, ngal values of patients with crf were significantly higher than those of arf. serum ngal values can be used to detect renal injury and differentiate arf and crf. results median ngal levels in patients was 304.50 (29), and 60 (0) in control, which was statistically significant b...

The acute and chronic toxicity of zinc to wild mottled sculpin (Cottus bairdi) was measured with 13-d and 30-d flow-through toxicity tests, respectively. Exposure water hardness was 48.6 mg/L as CaCO3 and 46.3 mg/L as CaCO3 in the acute and chronic tests, respectively; pH was slightly above neutral; and temperature near 12 degrees C. The median lethal concentration (LC50) after 96 h was 156 mic...