The pilus is an extracellular structural part that can be detected in some Streptococcus pneumoniae ( S. ) isolates (type I pili are found approximately 30% of strains, while type II 20%). It anchored to the cell wall by LPXTG-like motifs on peptidoglycan. Two kinds have been discovered, namely, pilus-1 and pilus-2. former encoded islet 1 (PI-1) a polymer formed protein subunits RrgA, RrgB RrgC...

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) and catheter-associated UTIs (CAUTIs) are the principal hospital-acquired infections. Proteus mirabilis is characterized by several virulence factors able to promote adhesion and biofilm formation and ameliorate the colonization of urinary tract and the formation of crystalline biofilms on the abiotic surface of the urinary catheters. Since, to date, the role of ...

Streptococcus pneumoniae infections result in a range of human diseases and are responsible for almost one million deaths annually. Pneumococcal disease is mediated in part through surface structures and an anti-phagocytic capsule. Recent studies have shown that nonencapsulated S. pneumoniae (NESp) make up a significant portion of the pneumococcal population and are able to cause disease. NESp ...

Integration of the Salmonella typhimurium virulence plasmid into the chromosome reduces mouse virulence, serum resistance, and HeLa cell adhesion-invasion while prolonging lag time in minimal medium. The proposed virulence plasmid regulatory element, rsk, partially restores virulence and fully restores the other three phenotypes to wild-type levels. Plasmid curing reduces virulence without affe...

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Antibiotics are still critically important as a first line therapy for the treatment of various bacterial infections in the clinic. In addition to their use in human medicine, these compounds have also been used for decades in animal production, for both growth promotion and veterinary purposes [1,2]. Because of the development and spread of antibiotic resistance, there is a growing awareness t...

BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is known as a major etiologic factor for a variety of gastroduodenal diseases. In Iran, with a high rate of H. pylori infection close to 90%, numerous studies have revealed many aspects of interaction between the bacterium, mucosal surface and induction of disease outcome. The organism is genetically diverse and several virulence factors are ...

Following contact with the epithelium, the enteric intracellular bacterial pathogen Shigella flexneri invades epithelial cells and escapes intracellular phagosomal destruction using its type III secretion system (T3SS). The bacterium replicates within the host cell cytosol and spreads between cells using actin-based motility, which is mediated by the virulence factor IcsA (VirG). Whereas S. fle...