The focus of this study is on the impact of World Bank structural adjustment operations on health expenditures and outcomes. We compare trends and levels of real per capita public spending on health, private consumption (which is the resource base for private health expenditures), and groupings child mortality indicators in four groups of countries. These are: (i) countries that started to borr...

An adaptive control system using extremum-seeking optimization is developed to suppress subsonic cavity flow oscillations. The overall control system is developed by following two steps. First, a simple linear control law which uses measurements of wall pressure fluctuations at two different locations in the cavity is developed, and the effect on the magnitude of the limit cycle produced by tun...

The chapter addresses bifurcations of limit cycles for a general class of nonlinear control systems depending on parameters. A set of simple approximate analytical conditions characterizing all generic limit cycle bifurcations is determined via a first order harmonic balance analysis in a suitable frequency band. Moreover, due to the existing connection between limit cycle bifurcations and rout...

State structures are constantly adjusted for resilience in a social world full of external and internal challenges. Structural shifts or reforms comprehensively explored the public management literature; though little is known regarding dynamics developing context like Pakistan that too from longitudinal perspective. This research documents key adjustments state structure analyzes changing refo...