Among treatments proposed for idiopathic male infertility, antiestrogens, like tamoxifen, play a possible role. On the other hand, oxidative stress is a mechanism well recognized for deleterious effects on spermatozoa function. After reviewing the literature on the effects of estrogens in modulation of antioxidant systems, in both sexes, and in different in vivo and in vitro models, we suggest,...

Virtually all the literature on French Schwa assumes that schwa deletion and epenthesis are categorical phenomena. This paper is an attempt to challenge this traditional view. After reviewing the evidence in favour of the non-categorical nature of (word-final) schwa, we propose a novel account framed within representational Optimality Theory (OT). It is argued that non-categorical schwa emerges...

Introduction. Fibrocystic disease of the male breast is uncommon. The presence of a spectrum of changes ranging from fibrocystic disease to duct papilloma to papillary carcinoma in the same patient renders the case a rarity and therefore reportable. Case Report. A case of intracystic papillary carcinoma of the male breast is presented. Discussion. The pathological, clinical, diagnostic, and the...

Few reports exist on allergic reactions to ranitidine. We present a case of bronchospastic reaction to ranitidine occurred during a drug challenge test. After administration of a therapeutic dose of ranitidine, the patient showed dyspnea, cough and bronchospasm in all the lung fields. Personal respiratory background was negative for respiratory disease and asthma. On reviewing the literature we...

Currently accepted chronic pain treatment algorithms have positioned therapies according to levels of invasiveness and up-front costs. After reviewing updated literature on efficacy and cost outcomes of care for patients with chronic pain that include interventional implantable technologies, we offer a new model of thinking when formulating algorithms of care that might include more invasive an...

Surgeons frequently utilize frozen sections as a tool to gain information intraoperatively. The use of frozen sections has certain benefits as well as limitations which vary according to the situation. After reviewing the available literature we provide the reader with an idea of when and how to use frozen sections in common situations involving the gastrointestinal tract and liver as well as a...

The aim of this paper is to present a new class of learning models for linear as well as non-linear neural layers called Orthonormal StronglyConstrained (SOC or Stiefel). They allow to solve orthonormal problems where orthonormal matrices are involved. After general properties of the learning rules belonging to this new class are shown, examples derived independently or by reviewing learning th...

Congenital dermoid inclusion cyst over the anterior fontanel (CDIC) is an uncommon cystic lesion located over the anterior fontanel. It is a benign and curative lesion and most of the time, can be diagnosed at birth. From 1994 to 2001, three patients were operated with this kind of lesion and after reviewing the literature we found 229 cases and only 6 cases described in Brazil. Our objective i...

REAST fibromatosis is a rare kind of lesion. The average incidence is about 2-4 per million every year. So far there have been about 100 cases reported altogether. In this report, we describe a case of breast fibromatosis developed after hydrophilic polyacrylamide gel (HPG) injection for breast augmentation. By reviewing the literature, the possible pathogenesis of this case and the proper trea...

Primary tumors of scapula are rare. The majority of them have a cartilaginous origin, being the most frequent the osteochondroma, followed by the chondrosarcoma. In this article we will review the main features of the osteochondroma and another rare tumor, the periosteal chondroma, from which there are very few cases reported in the literature. After reviewing the main features of both tumors, ...