The dopaminergic neurons of the ventral tegmental area (DA VTA neurons) have been implicated in the reinforcing properties of drugs of abuse, including ethanol (ethyl alcohol). Ethanol increases the spontaneous firing frequency of DA VTA neurons in vitro, in both brain slices and acutely dissociated neurons, and also in vivo. In many systems, longer n-alkyl alcohols have a more potent effect th...

Two kinds of fluorinated polymers were synthesized: an acrylate polymer having a fluorinated triethylene glycol as a pendant group (2a) and a fluoroalkyl acrylate polymer (2b). The contact angle of these fluorinated polymers against water, non-fluorinated alcohols and fluorinated alcohols were evaluated. As compared with the fluoroalkyl polymer (2b), fluoroethylene glycol polymer (2a) showed sm...

[reaction: see text]Transannular macrocyclizations via intramolecular B-alkyl Suzuki reactions are described. Regioselective terminal olefin hydroboration with 9-BBN followed by Pd(0)-catalyzed Suzuki reaction in the presence of a base such as TlOEt at high dilution generates macrocycles with a high degree of control over olefin geometry with isomerically pure E or Z vinyl iodide substrates. Th...

The influence of alcohols with different alkyl chain length (methanol, ethanol and propanol) on the physicochemical properties (turbidity, surface hydrophobicity, exposed total free sulfhydryl ...

Excited-state palladium catalysis is an efficient process for the alkylation of diverse organic compounds via generation alkyl radicals from bromides and iodides. However, more stable chlorides remains challenging. Herein, we demonstrate excited-state palladium-catalyzed synthesis oxindoles isoquinolinediones alkylation/annulation reaction by overcoming inherent limitations associated with unac...

The immense complexity inherent in the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA)-due primarily to the large number of oxidation steps and reaction pathways involved-has limited the detailed understanding of its underlying chemistry. As a means of simplifying such complexity, here we demonstrate the formation of SOA through the photolysis of gas-phase alkyl iodides, which generates organic pe...

Primary alkyl iodides (RI) are reduced at smooth gold electrodes in polar organic solvents such as N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) in the presence of divers tetraalkylammonium salts (TAAX). Beside a main two-electron step currently observed at potential > -2.0 V vs Ag/AgCl, a bell-shaped step appears with all organic iodides within a potential range between -0.6V to 1.2V. This peak does not depend ...

The effect of eight different alcohols including halogenols and alkanols on the structural transformation of aciddenatured ficin (ADF) at pH 2.5 was studied using farand near-UV circular dichroism (CD) and tryptophan fluorescence. Except methanol and ethanol, other alcohols induced α-helical structure in ADF, as revealed by the increase in MRE222nm values. The fluoro alcohols tested showed a hi...