cell replacement therapy has provided the basis for future clinical applications to treat central nervous system injuries fallowing by car accidents. induced functional neurons are an option for replacing the lost neurons. the ability to monitor changes in membrane potential is a useful tool for studying neuronal function, but there are only limited options available at present. here, investiga...

Adult spinal motoneurons can regenerate their axons into a peripheral nerve (PN) graft following root avulsion injury if the graft is implanted immediately after the lesion is induced. The present study was designed to determine how avulsed motoneurons respond to a PN graft if implantation takes place a few days to a few weeks later. Survival, regeneration, and gene expression changes of injure...

Abstract: To assess the effect of penetration depth of the surface tripolar electrical stimulation, Tripolar TENS was applied with different intensities (equal to sensory threshold (ST), 1.25 ST, 1.5 ST) on vertebral column of twenty healthy and three hemiplegic subjects. The cathode of TENS was laid on the T11 vertebra and anodes were put 3cm apart from cathode, longitudinally and in the anod...

Motoneurons developmentally acquire appropriate cellular architectures that ensure connections with postsynaptic muscles and presynaptic neurons. In Drosophila, leg motoneurons are organized as a myotopic map, where their dendritic domains represent the muscle field. Here, we investigate mechanisms underlying development of aspects of this myotopic map, required for walking. A behavioral screen...

Autoregulation of synaptic transmission in the nervous system is one of the homeostatic processes by which the transmission can be regulated according to varied physiological conditions. The neuromuscular cocultures of Xenopus laevis embryos were used to investigate the role of presynaptic nicotinic receptors in the autoregulation of developing motoneurons. The bath application of 2 microM nico...

Whole-body shortening was studied in the leech, Hirudo medicinalis, by a combination of videomicroscopy and multielectrode recordings. Video microscopy was used to monitor the animal behavior and muscle contraction. Eight suction pipettes were used to obtain simultaneous electrical recordings from fine roots emerging from ganglia. This vital escape reaction was rather reproducible. The coeffici...

1. Chronically implanted microelectrode wires in the L7 and S1 dorsal root ganglia were used to record unit activity from cat hindlimb primary and secondary muscle spindle afferents. Units could be reliably recorded for several days, permitting comparison of their activity with homonymous muscle EMG and length during a variety of normal, unrestrained movements. 2. The general observation was th...

In rats, androgens in adulthood regulate the morphology of motoneurons in the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB), including the size of their somata and the length of their dendrites. There are conflicting reports about whether androgens exert similar influences on SNB motoneurons in mice. We castrated or sham-operated C57BL6J mice at 90 days of age and, thirty days later, injected cho...

Since their discovery in the late 19th century our conception of motoneurons has steadily evolved. Motoneurons share the same general function: they drive the contraction of muscle fibers and are the final common pathway, i.e., the seat of convergence of all the central and peripheral pathways involved in motricity. However, motoneurons innervate different types of muscular targets. Ordinary mu...