Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) is a new type of hypoglycemic drug, which can reduce the excitability sympathetic nerve by regulating metabolism energy substrate, electrolyte, tissue fluid and circulating blood volume in ganglion, interfering with inflammation oxidative stress, offering protection to vascular endothelial cells, maintaining vasodilation function, pressure load ...

Abnormalities found with anuscopy under colposcopic vision, anal cytology and anal biopsy were evaluated in 21 men with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) at the Federal University of Pernambuco Hospital in Brazil. Mean age was 38.4 +/- 6.0 years, and mean time of HIV infection was 8.3 +/- 5.1 years; 95.2% of the patients had been on highly active antiret...

Retinal ganglion cells in the cat respond to single rhodopsin isomerizations with one to three spikes. This quantal signal is transmitted in the retina by the rod bipolar pathway: rod-->rod bipolar-->AII-->cone bipolar-->ganglion cell. The two-dimensional circuit underlying this pathway includes extensive convergence from rods to an AII amacrine cell, divergence from a rod to several AII and ga...

Competition for postsynaptic targets during development is thought to be driven by differences in temporal patterns of neuronal activity. In the ferret visual system, retinal ganglion cells that are responsive either to the onset (On) or to the offset (Off) of light exhibit similar patterns of spontaneous bursting activity early in development but later develop different bursting rhythms during...

Fish--in contrast to mammals--regenerate retinal ganglion cell axons when the optic nerve is severed. Optic nerve injury leads to reexpression of proteins, which typically are first expressed in newly differentiated retinal ganglion cells and axons. Here we identified two new proteins of fish retinal ganglion cells, reggie-1 and reggie-2, with monoclonal antibody M802 and molecular cloning tech...

PURPOSE Glaucoma is a common disease of the eye, a key characteristic consequence of which is the death of retinal ganglion cells. The cause of this loss is unknown, though glutamate-mediated toxicity has been implicated. Glutamate transporters are key regulators of glutamate; therefore, the purpose of the study was to determine whether unusual excitation is associated with unusual expression o...

The mechanism of direction selectivity in retinal ganglion cells remains controversial. An important issue is how the starburst amacrine cells, which are known to provide a major synaptic input to the direction-selective ganglion cells, participate in the directional discrimination. Here, we present evidence that the cholinergic outputs of the starburst cells affect the responses of the ganglio...

Purpose Retinal ganglion cells (RGC) can be categorized into roughly 30 distinct subtypes. How these subtypes develop is poorly understood, in part because few unique subtype markers have been characterized. We tested whether the Prdm16 transcription factor is expressed by RGCs as a class or within particular ganglion cell subtypes. Methods Embryonic and mature retinal sections and flatmount ...

The spiral ganglion is an essential functional component of the peripheral auditory system. Most types of hearing loss are associated with spiral ganglion cell degeneration which is irreversible due to the inner ear's lack of regenerative capacity. Recent studies revealed the existence of stem cells in the postnatal spiral ganglion, which gives rise to the hope that these cells might be useful ...

Responses to light were recorded from rods, horizontal cells, and ganglion cells in dark-adapted toad eyecups. Sensitivity was defined as response amplitude per isomerization per rod for dim flashes covering the excitatory receptive field centers. Both sensitivity and spatial summation were found to increase by one order of magnitude between rods and horizontal cells, and by two orders of magni...