limitations of our cognitive system? Or are errors indispensable parts of every intelligent system? From the first perspective, all errors are at best unnecessary and at worst harmful. Consider an error commonly made by children. When asked to find the sum of 1/2 and 1/3. the answer is often 2/5. This is called the freshman error of adding numerators and adding denominators {Silver. 1986). But ...

A symbol is a pattern (of physical marks, electromagnetic energy, etc.) which denotes, designates, or otherwise has meaning. The notion that intelligence requires the use and manipulation of symbols, and that humans are therefore symbol systems, has been extremely in uential in arti cial intelligence. keywords: symbol, reasoning, intelligence, representation, logic This article has two parts. W...

nowadays, the idea of creating virtual organizations has been presented by scholars as a new method of collaboration and managing the collaboration and has been known as an applicable approach in insurance industry. based on above applicability, this idea has been considered in this paper for a virtual insurer organization and according to efficiency and effectiveness of enterprise architecture...

new criticism focuses on rigorous analysis of poetry and literature, irrespective of peripheral issues. its fundamental tenet is the autonomy of literary texts. therefore, new criticism shuns dealing with such peripheral issues as authors’ biography, social, political and historical events; since this approach considers all these issues as non-artistic. in principle, the followers of new critic...

this research is intended to design strategies of human resource through miles and snow model in an active industrial center of oil, gas and cement. the research followed an applied approach using survey method. research population included 1100 employees and experts of the same center, 285 subjects of whom were selected as sample by a stratified and systematic random selection. for designing h...