Imagine a world where government regulation of gasoline, justified by scarcity of supply, allowed 20% of the gasoline in the U.S. to be used for farming; 20% for manufacturing; 20% for home use; 20% for government; and another 20% held in reserve for future potential government uses. In this world, prices would regulate the use of gasoline within each sector, but consumers would pay vastly diff...

This paper applies artificial neural networks to forecast gasoline consumption. The ANN is implemented using the cross entropy error function in the training stage. The cross entropy function is proven to accelerate the backpropagation algorithm and to provide good overall network performance with relatively short stagnation periods. To forecast gasoline consumption (GC), the ANN uses previous ...

Since 1999, gasoline prices in California, Illinois and Wisconsin have spiked occasionally well above gasoline prices in nearby states. In May and June 2000, for example, gasoline prices in Chicago rose twenty eight cents per gallon to $2.13, while prices nationally rose only nine to $1.73. Several qualitative studies identify unique gasoline formulations in California, Illinois and Wisconsin a...

-Mammary teat removal (thelectomy) was performed unilaterally in female Sprague-Dawley rats at 35 days of age. They were given 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) when aged either 55 days or 79 days. One third were unmated; one third were mated one week and one third mated more than 3 weeks after DMBA administration. Animals were killed when tumour-positive or after one year, when mammary les...

Particulate matter of vehicle exhaust is known to contain carcinogenic compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and is suggested to increase lung cancer risk in humans. This study examines the differences in diesel and gasoline-derived PAH binding to DNA in a human bronchial epithelial cell line (BEAS-2B). Particulate matter (PM) of gasoline exhaust was collected from passenger ...

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Dousing fire with gasoline: interplay between lysosome damage 11 and the NLRP3 inflammasome 12 13 Joel D. Schilling 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center, Department of Medicine, Department of 22 Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, 23 Missouri, 63110 24 25 To whom correspondence should be addressed: Joel D. S...

Introduction Gasoline is a complex solution of different hydrocarbons. Naturally occurring petroleum contains aromatic hydrocarbons, a class of unsaturated hydrocarbons that includes benzene, toluene, ethylenzene, and xylene (collectively known as BTEX). Since the EPA banned lead additions to gas in 1973, aromatic hydrocarbons were added to increase the octane concentration, thereby maximizing ...

The use of oxygenated fuels in spark ignition engines (SIEs) has gained increasing attention in the last few years, especially when coming from renewable sources, due to the shortage of fossil fuels and global warming concern. Currently, the main substitute of gasoline is ethanol, which helps to reduce CO and HC emissions but presents a series of drawbacks such as a low heating value and a high...

This paper studies the degree to which gasoline price spikes in California, Illinois and Wisconsin over 1995 to 2001 can be explained by regulatory differentiation gasoline sold in California, Illinois and Wisconsin is chemically different than gasoline sold in other locations as a result of local regulation supplementary to the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. I specify a structural model bas...