A paramount question faced by technology innovators is whether to license an innovation to other firms, and if so, what type of license it should use. Information technology innovations often have the unique feature of leading to new products and services that exhibit network effects. This paper addresses the question whether the presence of network effects changes an innovator’ licensing choic...

This paper analyzes how an inventor should …x the licensing terms to license a standard in complying with a non-discrimination requirement. Using a model incorporating imperfect competition between a …nite number of users and product di¤erentiation, we compare three di¤erent regimes: …xed fee (also known as royalty free), per unit royalty and two-part tari¤. We highlight the di¤erent e¤ects of ...

This paper analyzes price competition between a spatially differentiated product patentee and an imitator anticipating the possibility of future patent damages. We compare the performance of three damage regimes. The “reasonable royalty” regime, the only one that yields symmetric equilibrium pricing, maximizes static welfare and yields the highest incentives to innovate when patent enforcement ...

This article aims to highlight the privileged status granted by Christianity Virgin Mary when considering her Queen of Heaven. From very early centuries our era, this sublime title was assigned Mary, for condition Mother God, an increasing number Church Fathers and theologians. Later, it expounded uncountable medieval liturgical hymns. Finally, from 12th century onwards, these textual proclamat...

The role of psychotic disorders in attacks on British Royalty is examined. In the 23 attacks, there was evidence of psychotic illness at the time in 11 (48%) cases, with evidence of mental disorder in 4 additional ones. These data almost certainly underestimate the contribution of major mental disorder, as psychiatric evaluations were not available on several attackers. Psychotic states do not,...

The existing temporary protection system seems to protect patent applicants through royalties. In fact, due its emphasis on technology dissemination, pursuit of judicial efficiency, and lack relief for cost recovery during the duration, is ineffective. abnormal mode that holds “double given when a authorized no not authorized” provides larger room “submarine patent”. Concerning behavior “implem...