BACKGROUND As far as we are aware, no previous systematic review and synthesis of the qualitative/descriptive literature on polypharmacy in anabolic-androgenic steroid(s) (AAS) users has been published. METHOD We systematically reviewed and synthesized qualitative/descriptive literature gathered from searches in electronic databases and by inspecting reference lists of relevant literature to ...

Current data suggest that the use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) has become quite common among athletes, bodybuilders, as well as adolescents and young adults who want to increase their muscle mass for aesthetic or athletic reasons. Commonly used anabolic steroids are the oral 17a alkyl derivatives of testosterone (methyl testosterone, oxymetholone, oxandrolone, stanozolol) and the intra...

the aim ofthe current study wasto comparegeneral health and mood state profile in bodybuilders with/without anabolic steroid consumption. thestatistical populationconsisted of all bodybuilders in tehran city in 2015. 200 bodybuilders were selected from tehran sport clubs with convenience sampling method. after excluding unauthorized questionnaire, 192 questionnaires were analyzed. the data were...

Abstract Background: Athletes, especially bodybuilders, abuse anabolic steroid drugs to improve their strength and enhance their muscle growth and appearance. This study was conducted to determine the type and frequency of anabolic steroids abuse in bodybuilder athletes in Kerman City. Methods: A confidential questionnaire which included demographic data (age, education), name of ab...

The illicit use of anabolic steroids to enhance athletic performance and physical appearance can cause numerous psychiatric and other adverse effects. In order to prevent steroid use and its negative consequences, knowledge of risk factors is needed. We conducted an anonymous survey of 404 male weight lifters from community gymnasiums who completed a 20-min, self-administered questionnaire. The...

Sustained anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) use has adverse behavioral consequences, including aggression, violence and impulsivity. Candidate mechanisms include disruptions of brain networks with high concentrations of androgen receptors and critically involved in emotional and cognitive regulation. Here, we tested the effects of AAS on resting-state functional brain connectivity in the larges...

BACKGROUND Millions of individuals have used illicit anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS), but the long-term cardiovascular associations of these drugs remain incompletely understood. METHODS Using a cross-sectional cohort design, we recruited 140 experienced male weightlifters 34 to 54 years of age, comprising 86 men reporting ≥2 years of cumulative lifetime AAS use and 54 nonusing men. Using ...

The term "anabolic steroids" refers to testosterone derivatives that are used either clinically or by athletes for their anabolic properties. However, scientists have questioned the anabolic effects of testosterone and its derivatives in normal men for decades. Most scientists concluded that anabolic steroids do not increase muscle size or strength in people with normal gonadal function and hav...