We clarify the procedure for expressing the Friedmann equation in terms of directly measurable cosmological scalars constructed out of higher derivatives of the scale factor. We carry out this procedure for pure dust, Chaplygin gas and generalised Chaplygin gas energy–momentum tensors. In each case it leads to a constraint on the scalars thus giving rise to a test of General Relativity. We also...

The aim of this study was to quantify internal joint moments of the lower limb during vertical jumping and the weightlifting jerk to improve awareness of the control strategies and correspondence between these activities, and to facilitate understanding of the likely transfer of training effects. Athletic men completed maximal unloaded vertical jumps (n = 12) and explosive push jerks at 40 kg (...

Acceleration profile generation for jerk limitation is a major issue in automated industrial applications like computer numerical control (CNC) machinery and robotics. The automation machinery dynamics should be kept as smooth as possible with suitable controllers where trajectory precision ensures quality while smoothness decreases machinery stress. During the operation of commercially availab...

Longitudinal height and weight data from 4649 Dutch twin pairs between birth and 2.5 years of age were analyzed. The data were first summarized into parameters of a polynomial of degree 4 by a mixed-effects procedure. Next, the variation and covariation in the parameters of the growth curve (size at one year of age, growth velocity, deceleration of growth, rate of change in deceleration [i.e., ...

This article presents a generic motion model to capture mobile robots’ dynamic behaviors (translation and rotation). The is based on statistical models driven by white random processes formulated into full state estimation algorithm the error-state extended Kalman filtering framework (ESEKF). major benefits of this method are its versatility, being applicable different robotic systems without a...