For normal cell division, the ftsZ gene must be transcribed from a number of promoters that are located within the proximal upstream genes (ddlB, ftsQ, and ftsA). We show that the main promoters have identical responses to changes in growth rate, i.e., under all conditions, the frequency of transcription per septum formed is approximately constant and independent of cell size or growth rate per...

Steroid hormones are active substances that necessary in the normal functioning of all physiological activities body, such as sexual characteristics, metabolism, and mood control. They also widely used exogenous chemicals medical pharmaceutical applications treatments at times growth promoters animal farming. The vast application steroid has resulted them being found different matrices, food, e...

The use of antibiotics in food-producing animals has significantly increased animal health by lowering mortality and the incidence of diseases. Antibiotics also have largely contributed to increase productivity of farms. However, antibiotic usage in general and relevance of non-therapeutic antibiotics (growth promoters) in feed need to be reevaluated especially because bacterial pathogens of hu...

The banning in 2006 of the use of antibiotics as animal growth promoters in the European Union has increased demand from producers for alternative feed additives that can be used to improve animal production. This review gives an overview of the most common non-antibiotic feed additives already being used or that could potentially be used in ruminant nutrition. Probiotics, dicarboxylic acids, e...

For many decades antibiotics (so called growth promoters) have been used as feed additives in various species of farm animals, to reduce the frequency of diarrhoea under certain conditions. Furthermore, in most cases performance parameters like body weight gain or feed conversion ratio improves to up to 5%. These beneficial effects of feed antibiotics are generally explained by modifications of...