The over use of antibiotics to treat infections in humans and animals made a phenomenon the antibiotic-resistant bacteria. While studies focused find on new but, identification novel antibacterial targets bacteria is very important. By Toxin antitoxin systems this hypothesis could be done, whereas by activation toxin or inactivation an antitoxin, raised kills bacterium. These are attractive tar...

Much of the knowledge we have about regulation of transcription in prokaryotes comes from two particularly well-studied systems: the Lac repressor-lac operon [1] and the λ-repressor and λ-Cro for the control of the lysogenic/lytic cycles of λ-phage [2]. In both cases, the repressors are well-folded species lacking appreciable structural disorder. Eukaryotic transcription factors on the other ha...

Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are broadly distributed throughout the domain of Bacteria. Until recently, TA systems were considered to play only an ancillary role in bacterial physiology by maintaining the stability of certain plasmids. However, multiple recent findings strongly suggest that the major role and the true importance of TA systems lies in global coordination of stress response. If t...

Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are ubiquitous on bacterial chromosomes, yet the mechanisms regulating their activity and the molecular targets of toxins remain incompletely defined. Here, we identify SocAB, an atypical TA system in Caulobacter crescentus. Unlike canonical TA systems, the toxin SocB is unstable and constitutively degraded by the protease ClpXP; this degradation requires the antito...

Almost all bacteria and many archaea contain genes whose expression inhibits cell growth and may lead to cell death when overproduced, reminiscent of apoptotic genes in higher systems. The cellular targets of these toxins are quite diverse and include DNA replication, mRNA stability, protein synthesis, cell-wall biosynthesis, and ATP synthesis. These toxins are co-expressed and neutralized with...

Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are prevalent in bacteria and archaea. Although not essential for normal cell growth, TA systems are implicated in multiple cellular functions associated with survival under stress conditions. Clinical strains of bacteria are currently causing major human health problems as a result of their multidrug resistance, persistence and strong pathogenicity. Here, we presen...