INTRODUCTION Previous micro-computed tomography analyses of root canal preparation provided data that were usually averaged over canal length. The aim of this study was to compare preparation effects on apical root canal geometry. METHODS Sixty extracted maxillary molars (180 canals) used in prior studies were reevaluated for analyses of the apical 4 mm. Teeth were scanned by using micro-comp...

The Hippo pathway, identified in Drosophila and conserved in vertebrates, regulates tissue growth by promoting cell cycle exit and apoptosis. In addition to their well-characterised overproliferation phenotype, adult Drosophila epithelial cells mutant for the kinases Hippo and Warts have hypertrophic apical domains. Here we examine the molecular basis of this apical hypertrophy and its impact o...

Introduction: Primary root canal treatment success depends on a number of variables, including debridement and disinfection of the root canal system to remove all bacteria and diseased pulpal and dentinal tissues. Complex root canal anatomy, such as concealed isthmuses, apical deltas and lateral canals, hinder this objective, making instrumentation of these regions nearly impossible. Recent adv...

The brush border of small intestinal enterocytes is highly enriched in cholesterol- and glycosphingolipid-containing membrane microdomains, commonly termed as lipid 'rafts'. Functionally, transcytosis of IgA and exocytosis of newly made brush-border proteins in enterocytes occur through apical lipid raft-containing compartments, but little is otherwise known about these raft microdomains. We th...

Background It is well recognized that disinfection of the complex root canal system at the apical root canal remains the most critical therapeutic measure to treat apical periodontitis. Material and Methods Observational and experimental data in relation to the anatomy of the apical root canal in different tooth types and the cross sectional diameters of the apical part of the most commonly u...

OBJECTIVE Canal preparation generates a substantial amount of debris and smear layer (SL). The size and taper of the Master Apical File (MAF) affects on penetration of irrigants and subsequently canal cleaning efficacy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of MAF size and taper on penetration of irrigants to the apical third of curved mesiobuccal (MB) canals of mandibular first mola...

This study evaluated the accuracy of three electronic apex locators (Root ZX, Novapex, and Justy II) in root canal length determinations using different apical file sizes, considering the apical constriction (AC) and the major foramen (MF) as anatomic references. The diameter of the apical foramina of 40 single-rooted teeth was determined by direct visual measurement and the master apical file ...

Polyamine content and arginine decarboxylase activity of apical buds were measured to determine whether polyamines are required to prevent apical senescence in pea. Polyamines were assayed as dansyl derivatives which were separated by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography and detected by fluorescence spectrophotometry. High polyamine concentrations were found in the vigorous apic...

Aim: This article analyzed the location of the apical foramen and its relationship with foraminal file size in maxillary central incisors. Methods: Eighty four human maxillary central incisors were used in this study. K-files of progressively increasing diameters were inserted into the root canal until it got snugly fit and the tip was visible at the apical foramen. The files were removed and t...