Nosema diseases is known to have two infecting Apis mellifera, Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae. Historically N. apis was known to be well established pathogen of A. mellifera. Whoever N. ceranae was frequently reported to infect the honeybees during the last decade. Both N. apis and N. ceranae are now thought to be widespread across the world. Honey bees are also found to be co-infected with bot...

Honey bees face numerous biotic threats from viruses to bacteria, fungi, protists, and mites. Here we describe a thorough analysis of microbes harbored by worker honey bees collected from field colonies in geographically distinct regions of Turkey. Turkey is one of the World's most important centers of apiculture, harboring five subspecies of Apis mellifera L., approximately 20% of the honey be...

objective(s):previous studies demonstrated a functional similarity between vertebrate and honey bee nervous systems. the aim of the present study was to compare the effects of heroin and iranian street kerack, a combination of heroin and caffeine, on sensory threshold and locomotor activity in honey bees. materials and methods: all drugs were given orally to honey bees 30 min before each experi...

Mashups combine data and services provided by third parties through open APIs (such as Google Maps and Flickr), as well as internal data sources owned by users. The creation of mashups is supported by a complex ecosystem of interconnected data providers, mashup platforms, and users. In this paper, we examine the structure of the mashup ecosystem and its growth over time. Several observations fo...

Web APIs enjoy a significant increase in popularity and usage in the last decade. They have become the core technology for exposing functionalities and data. Nevertheless, due to the lack of semantic Web API descriptions their discovery, sharing, integration, and assessment of their quality and consumption is limited. In this paper, we present the Linked Web APIs dataset, an RDF dataset with se...

The question of when in the course of a visit to a feeding place foraging honeybees (Apis mellifera) learn about its location was studied in Experiment 1 by moving the animals a short distance after they arrived and began to feed. A preference for the arrival place developed, although less rapidly than in control animals for which the arrival and departure places were the same. In Experiments 2...

Google Chrome has implemented a number of “HTML5” APIs, including the Geolocation API and various storage APIs. In this paper we discuss some of our experiences on the Google Chrome team in implementing these APIs, as well as our thoughts around privacy for new APIs we are considering implementing. Specifically, we discuss our ideas of how providing access to things such as speech, web cameras,...

School of Engineering and Information Technology University of New South Wales [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract Usability issues that exist in security APIs cause programmers to embed those security APIs incorrectly to the applications they develop. This results in introduction of security vulnerabilities to those applications. One of...

Abstract The societies of honeybees ( Apis spp.) are microcosms divided labour where the fitness interests individuals so closely aligned that, in some contexts, colony behaves as an entity itself. Self-organization at this extraordinary level requires sophisticated communication networks, it is not surprising that celebrated waggle dance , by which bees share information about locations outsid...