This paper develops the notion of temporal abstraction, used originally for the automatic understanding of looping constructs, to account for a class of recursive programs involving side effects upon a relational data base. The programs may involve compositions of several side effects, and these side effects can occur either during descent or upon ascent from recursive calls.

The index of a pseudo B-Fredholm operator will be defined and generalize the usual operator. This concept used to extend some known results in Fredholm’s theory. Among other results, nullity, deficiency, ascent descent extended for pseudo-Fredholm

BACKGROUND Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic disease, usually characterized by pain, which is associated with reduced muscle strength, disability and progressive loss of function. However, the pain influence over proprioception and motor behaviour remains unclear. Thus, the purpose of the study was to identify the levels of pain, the proprioceptive acuity and the pattern of muscle recruitment du...

The goals of the study were to compare data of vertical ground reaction force (GRF) parameters during level walking, stair ascent and descent on three different stair inclinations and three different age groups. Twenty healthy subjects of three age groups (young 33.7 years; middle 63.6 years; old 76.5 years) were tested during the seven test conditions with 8-10 repetitions. Vertical forces wer...

Previous 1 d studies (Giske et al. 1990, Sarsia 75:65–81; Baliño & Aksnes 1993, Mar Ecol Prog Ser 102:35–50; Rasmussen & Giske 1994, Mar Biol 120:649–664) of the mesopelagic fish Maurolicus muelleri have suggested that their vertical distribution changes as though they were following a constant light intensity, sometimes termed the ‘isolume’. Here we investigated whether such behaviour is consi...

Seven hundred and thirty-two parents reported when and how their infants learned to climb stairs. Children typically mastered stair ascent (mean age=10.97 months) several months after crawling onset and several weeks prior to descent (mean age=12.53 months). Most infants (94%) crawled upstairs the first time they ascended independently. Most infants (76%) turned around and backed at initial des...