N a table showing the existing atomic nuclei it is observed that many groups of isobars occur, the term isobar referring to nuclei of the same atomic weight but different atomic number. It is unreasonable to assume that all isobars have exactly the same energy; one of them therefore will have the lowest energy, the others are unstable. The question arises why the unstable nuclei are in reality ...

There are four fundamental atomic particles-the proton, the neutron, the electron, and the positron. The proton has mass and a unit positive electrical charge. The neutron has mass and no charge. The electron has very small mass compared with the proton and neutron, and has unit negative electrical charge. The positron is the positively charged counterpart of the electron, having equal mass and...

A method for reasoning with non-atomic memory is developed. A program using non-atomic memory is transformed into an equivalent one that uses atomic memory. A number of non-atomic memories including pipelined RAM , causal memory, and hybrid consistency are examined. The approach is illustrated with some examples.