abstract the main purpose of this paper is to obtain the optimal amount of expenses of government relating to the protection of property rights (pprs). to achieve these purposes we have introduced concept of social intelligence with respect to pprs and then developed different growth model from existing literature. in the second step the optimal share of government spending on the pprs is calcu...

let $gamma_{n,kappa}$ be the class of all graphs with $ngeq3$ vertices and $kappageq2$ vertex connectivity. denote by $upsilon_{n,beta}$ the family of all connected graphs with $ngeq4$ vertices and matching number $beta$ where $2leqbetaleqlfloorfrac{n}{2}rfloor$. in the classes of graphs $gamma_{n,kappa}$ and $upsilon_{n,beta}$, the elements having maximum augmented zagreb index are determined.

Let X ⊂ R d be a set of n points in general position (i.e. no d + 1 points of X lie on the same hyperplane.) For a positive 0 < ε < 1, we define A finite set S ⊂ R d is called a (weak) ε-net of X if S ∩ F = ∅ for any F ∈ F ε. We note that S is called a strong ε-net if, in addition, it also satisfies S ⊂ X. Since we are only going to discuss weak ε-nets, we will simply call these ε-nets. Our goa...

The study of dynamics in general relativity has been hampered by a lack of coordinate independent measures of chaos. Here I review a variety of invariant measures for quantifying chaotic dynamics in relativity that exploit the coordinate independence of fractal dimensions and symbolic entropies. 1 Time and chaos Historically, chaos theory was developed for Newtonian dynamics where time and spac...

We consider the Cauchy problem for Klein–Gordon equation in $${\mathbb{R}}^{d},d\ge 1,$$ with random initial data. introduce a family of measures $${\mu }_{0}^{\varepsilon },\varepsilon >0$$ depending on small parameter ε. The }$$ are assumed to be locally homogeneous or slowly varying under spatial shifts order o(ε−1) and inhomogeneous ε−1. Moreover, correlation functions decrease uniformly ε ...

and Applied Analysis 3 then there exists ε0 > 0 such that for all 0 < ε ≤ ε0 the mapping Θ : Ω ε → R3 is an injective mapping and the three vectors gεi x ε : ∂εiΘ x ε ∂α ∂/∂xα, ∂ ε 3 ∂/∂x ε 3 are linear independent for each x ∈ Ωε. The injectivity of the mapping Θ : Ωε → R3 ensures that the physical problem described below is meaningful. The three vectors gεi x ε form the covariant basis at the...

We consider a bichromatic two-center problem for pairs of points. Given set S n points in the plane, every pair, we want to assign red color one point and blue other, such way that value max⁡{r1,r2} is minimized, where r1 (resp., r2) radius smallest enclosing disk all blue) Previously, an exact algorithm O(n3log2⁡n) time (1+ε)-approximate O(n+(1/ε)6log2⁡(1/ε)) were known. In this paper, propose...

Proof of Observation 1. Before the proof, we remind that what we want to prove is the following statement: (∀ε ∈ R) ε > 0⇒ ((∃N ∈ N)(∀n ∈ N) n ≥ N ⇒ |an − x | < ε). To this end, choose arbitrary positive real ε > 0 and pick a positive rational ε′ with 0 < ε′ < ε by utilizing the Archimedean property. Then there exists N (depending on ε′ and hence on ε) such that j, k ≥ N ⇒ |a j − ak | < ε′. Now...