background: high-energy ionizing radiation is harmful and changes the genetic makeup of dna, which can lead to increased risk of cancer. thus, the exposure of radiation dose should be under control and limited. ionizing radiation might lead to some chromosome aberrations like dicentric. there is a strong relation between the frequency of dicentric chromosome in metaphase, and the received dose....

Handwritten essays are widely used in educational assessments, particularly in classroom instruction. This paper concerns the design of an automated system for performing the task of taking as input scanned images of handwritten student essays in reading comprehension tests and to produce as output scores for the answers which are analogous to those provided by human scorers. The system is base...

Argumentative discourse contains not only language expressing claims and evidence, but also language used to organize these claims and pieces of evidence. Differentiating between the two may be useful for many applications, such as those that focus on the content (e.g., relation extraction) of arguments and those that focus on the structure of arguments (e.g., automated essay scoring). We propo...

Automated Essay Scoring (AES) is a service or software that can predictively grade essay based on pre-trained computational model. It has gained lot of research interest in educational institutions as it expedites the process and reduces effort human raters grading essays close to humans’ decisions. Despite strong appeal, its implementation varies widely according researchers’ preferences. This...

E-rater is an operational automated essay scoring application that combines several NLP tools for the purpose of identifying linguistic features in essay responses to assess the quality of the text. The application currently identifies a variety of syntactic, discourse, and topical analysis features. We have maintained two clear visions of e-rater’s development. First, new linguistically-based ...

Automated essay scoring (AES) applies machine learning and NLP techniques to automatically rate essays written in an educational setting, by which the workload of human raters is considerably reduced. Current AES systems utilize common text features such as essay length, tf-idf weight, and the number of grammar errors to learn a scoring function. Despite the effectiveness brought by those commo...

The main purpose of the study was to investigate the distinctness and reliability of analytic (or multitrait) rating dimensions and their relationships to holistic scores and e-rater essay feature variables in the context of the TOEFL computer-based test (CBT) writing assessment. Data analyzed in the study were analytic and holistic essay scores provided by human raters and essay feature variab...

The use of massive open online courses (MOOCs) to expand students’ access to higher education has raised questions regarding the extent to which this course model can provide and assess authentic, higher level student learning. In response to this need, MOOC platforms have begun utilizing automated essay scoring (AES) systems that allow students to engage in critical writing and free-response a...

The Intelligent Essay Assessor is commercial software that grades essays as accurately as skilled human graders. It was used to critique senior officers’ papers in both the Army’s and Air Force’s Command and General Staff Colleges. The Army Research Institute has supported development of this software, which understands the meaning of written essays. Automatic essay scoring is well-suited to di...

The Hewlett Foundation sponsored the Automated Student Assessment Prize on kaggle.com, challenging teams to produce essay evaluation models that best approximate human graders. Contestants predicted the scores of standardized-testing essays from grades 7-10. Teams were provided with 8 sets of labeled training data. Each set corresponds to a different essay prompt, grading rubric, and range of p...