background: the h9n2 subtype of influenza a viruses is considered to be widespread in poultry industry. adamantane is a group of antiviral agents which is effective both in prevention and treatment of influenza a virus infections. these drugs inhibit m2 protein ion channel which has role on viral replication. objectives: the main objective of this study is to evaluate m gene of avian influenza ...

the influenza a virus is of global concern for the poultry industry, especially the h5 subtype as it has the potential to become highly pathogenic for poultry and mankind. recently, plant expression systems have gained interest as an alternative for the production of vaccine antigens. the goal of the present study was to investigate the possibility of expressing the ha1 protein in nicotiana tab...

materials and methods a total of 300 day-old broiler chicks (ross 308) divided into three equal groups (1 to 3) .the chicks in group 1 were immunized with killed aiv h9n2. the chicks in group 2 were infected with ai virus subtype h9n2. the chicks in group 3 were kept as controls and did not receive any vaccined or lived virus. chicks sera were collected at day 42 usingrns1-elisa and commercial ...

A new pandemic influenza in the human world may originate from avian reservoirs. Influenza is one of the most widely spread zoonotic infectious diseases. All avian influenza viruses are type A, and they have often caused pandemics throughout human history. The highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza A viruses have now been spreading to many countries in Asia, Europe and Africa. They have infected an i...

BACKGROUND Influenza viruses bind and infect respiratory epithelial cells through sialic acid on cell surface. Differential preference to sialic acid types contributes to host- and tissue-tropism of avian and seasonal influenza viruses. Although the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 can infect and cause severe diseases in humans, it is not efficient in infecting human upper respirato...

Wild birds play a major role in the evolution, maintenance, and spread of avian influenza viruses. However, surveillance for these viruses in wild birds is sporadic, geographically biased, and often limited to the last outbreak virus. To identify opportunities to optimize wild bird surveillance for understanding viral diversity, we reviewed responses to a World Organisation for Animal Health-ad...

Patterns of virus attachment to the respiratory tract of 4 marine mammal species were determined for avian and human influenza viruses. Attachment of avian influenza A viruses (H4N5) and (H7N7) and human influenza B viruses to trachea and bronchi of harbor seals is consistent with reported influenza outbreaks in this species.

Background and Aims: Since 1998, Iranian poultry industry has been affected by avian influenza (AI) virus, subtype H9N2. The association of high mortality and case report of H5N1 and H9N2 influenza virus in wild birds in recent years raised the suspicion of a possible new genetic modified AI virus. Methods: Partial nucleotide sequences and deduced amino acid of hemagglutinin (HA) genes of 4 H9...

The transfer of six internal RNA segments from the avian influenza A/Mallard/New York/6750/78 (H2N2) virus reproducibly attenuates human influenza A viruses for squirrel monkeys and adult humans. To identify the avian influenza A virus genes that specify the attenuation and host range restriction of avian-human (ah) influenza A reassortant viruses (referred to as ah reassortants), we isolated s...

For viruses such as avian influenza, immunity within a host population can drive the emergence of new strains by selecting for viruses with novel antigens that avoid immune recognition. The accumulation of acquired immunity with age is hypothesized to affect how influenza viruses emerge and spread in species of different lifespans. Despite its importance for understanding the behaviour of avian...