This study examined the effects of immobilization stress combined with water immersion (ICS) and/or amphetamine (AM) on different memory phases in the passive avoidance task in rats. The performance of rats was evaluated in the retention tests 24 and 48 h after a single acquisition trial. ICS exposure lasting 1 h impaired retention of the learned avoidance response if applied 2 to 4 h before or...

This research study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of chronic cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) on alleviation of learning and memory deficits in diabetic rats as a result of the observed antidiabetic and antioxidant activity of C3G. Male Wistar rats were divided into control, diabetic, C3G-treated-control and -diabetic groups. The C3G was administered i.p. at a dose of 10 mg/kg on alternate d...

background: alzheimer’s disease (ad) is a neurodegenerative disorder with progressive loss of cognitive abilities and memory loss. the aim of this study was to compare neuropathological changes in hippocampus and brain cortex in a rat model of ad. methods: adult male albino wistar rats (weighing 250-300 g) were used for behavioral and histopathological studies. the rats were randomly assigned t...

Histaminergic fibers are present in the molecular and granular layers of the cerebellum and have a high density in the vermis and flocullus. Evidence supports that the cerebellar histaminergic system is involved in memory consolidation. Our recent study showed that histamine injections facilitate the retention of an inhibitory avoidance task, which was abolished by pretreatment with an H2 recep...

lithium is a drug used for the treatment of bipolar disorder. it has several mechanisms of action, and recently it is shown that lithium can antagonize the 5-ht1b/1d serotonin receptors. sumatriptan is a 5-ht1b/1d receptor agonist used for the treatment of cluster headaches and migraine which might cause memory impairment as a potential side effect. in this study, effects of lithium on sumatrip...

Intraseptal injections of morphine impair learning and memory in rats, and these impairments are reversed by intraseptal injections of glucose. With evidence that injections of morphine into the amygdala also impair memory for some tasks, the present experiment determined whether (1) intra-amygdala morphine injections impair performance in inhibitory avoidance and spontaneous alternation tasks,...

Effects of a newly synthesized xanthine derivative propentofylline (3,7-dihydro-3-methyl-1-(5-oxohexyl)-7-propyl-1H-purine-2,6-dione) on learning and memory of rodents were examined in the two different paradigms. In a shuttle box active avoidance paradigm, propentofylline (25 mg/kg/day, p.o.) improved the decreased learning ability of 12-month-old spontaneously hypertensive rats. Normotensive ...

Diabetes mellitus is accompanied with disturbances in learning, memory, and cognitive skills in the humans and experimental animals. Due to the anti-diabetic and antioxidant activity of pelargonidin (PG), this research study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of chronic oral PG on alleviating learning and memory disturbance in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into...

BACKGROUND Ketamine is intravenous anaesthetic with NMDA-glutamate receptors mechanism of action. MATERIAL AND METHODS Male Wistar rats were treated with saline (group A) or 10, 15 or 20 mg/kg of ketamine (groups B, C and D, respectively). For active avoidance test an automatic reflex conditioner was used. The observed variables were number of avoidances, escapes and intertrial crossings. Ste...

introduction: neurohormones like testosterone and estradiol have an important role in learning and memory. the hippocampus is essentially involved in learning and memory, and is known to be a target for estradiol actions. estrogen receptors (ers) are highly expressed in ca1 of rat hippocampus, and mediate the effects of estrogen on learning and memory. estradiol receptor belong to a family of t...