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a nonprofit institution that helps improve policy and decisionmaking through research and analysis. RAND's publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions or policies of its research sponsors. The RAND testimony series contains the statements of RAND staff members as prepared for delivery. The opinions and conclusions expressed in this written testimony are the author's alone and should no...

In this paper, we introduce a fuzzy extension of the Rand index, a well-known measure for comparing two clustering structures. In contrast to an existing proposal, which is restricted to the comparison of a fuzzy partition with a non-fuzzy reference partition, our extension is able to compare two proper fuzzy partitions with each other. Elaborating on the formal properties of our fuzzy Rand ind...

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Patient-based measures for asthma control are important in assessing the worldwide impact of this highly prevalent chronic illness. We sought to refine an asthma symptom scale that RAND had previously developed to shorten it and validate it further, as well as reflect updated international expert definitions of asthma control. We conducted rigorous psychometric testing of new and adapted self-a...

the concept of dhimma and ‘uhda (obligation and undertaking) comprises one of the very important subdivisions of commitments in shī‘a jurisprudence. the application of these two terms is very common in legal texts, both in discourses on devotional acts and the discourses concerning transactions (including transactions in specific sense and delictual liability - ḍimān). some contemporary jurispr...