In this paper we claim that meaningful representations can be learned by programs, although today they are almost always designed by skilled engineers. We discuss several kinds of meaning that representations might have, and focus on a functional notion of meaning as appropriate for programs to learn. Speci cally, a representation is meaningful if it incorporates an indicator of external condit...

My contribution to this discussion is to attempt to spread a little radical doubt. Since I have spent over 30 years of my life writing and editing monolingual dictionary definitions, it may seem rather odd that I should be asking, do word meanings exist? The question is genuine, though: prompted by some puzzling facts about the data that is now available in the form of machine-readable corpora....

The simultaneous detection of Pb and Pb ions has been made by multiple-ion counting ICP-mass spectrometry using two Daly detectors (MC-ICPMS). To evaluate the long-term gain stability of the detectors, Ba/Ba and Ba/Ba ratios have been measured by a combination of Daly and Faraday detectors (Ba(D)/Ba(F)) and an electron multiplier and Faraday detectors (Ba(EM)/Ba(F)). The measured Ba(EM)/Ba(F) r...

We conducted an event-related, functional MRI investigation of 12 male's and 12 female's reasoning about conditional deontic rules, rules regulating people's behavior. We employed two different types of rules: social contracts and nonsocial, precautionary rules. Although the rules and the demands of the task were matched in terms of their logical structure, reasoning about social contracts and ...