Locating sensors in an indoor environment is a challenging problem due to the insufficient distance measurements caused by short ultrasound range and the incorrect distance measurements caused by multipath effect of ultrasound. In this paper, we propose a virtual ruler approach, in which a vehicle equipped with multiple ultrasound beacons travels around the area to measure distances between pai...

Recently nature–inspired algorithms have widespread use throughout the tough and time consuming multi–objective scientific and engineering design optimization problems. In this paper, we present extended forms of firefly algorithm to find optimal Golomb ruler (OGR) sequences. The OGRs have their one of the major application as unequally spaced channel–allocation algorithm in optical wavelength ...

The Golomb Ruler Problem asks to position n integer marks on a ruler such that all pairwise distances between the marks are distinct and the ruler has minimum total length. It is a very challenging combinatorial problem, and provably optimal rulers are only known for n up to 26. Lower bounds can be obtained using Linear Programming formulations, but these are computationally expensive for large...


 The Inquisition (miḥna) of al-Maʾmūn (d. 218/833) was a serious attempt to establish the caliph as arbiter Islamic orthodoxy . It actively prosecuted by succeeding two caliphs, and finally abolished his nephew, al-Mutawakkil, in 237/852 most information we have about it far is how carried out Baghdad Various sources, mostly biographical, also tell us something its prosecution Basra, Kufa...