The inactivation of radioactively labeled poliovirus type 1 and coxsackievirus B 1 in soils saturated with surface water, groundwater, and septic tank liquor was directly proportional to temperature. Virus persistence was also related to soil type and the liquid amendment in which viruses were suspended. At 37 degrees C, no infectivity was recovered from saturated soil after 12 days; at 4 degre...

A multi-year, multi-technique study was conducted to measure evapotranspiration and its components within an uneven-aged mixed deciduous forest in the Southeastern United States. Four different measurement techniques were used, including soil water budget (1 year), sap flow (2 years), eddy covariance (5 years), and catchment water budget (31 years). Annual estimates of evapotranspiration were s...

to study the effects of phosphate and zinc sulfate fertilizers application methods on the yield and yield components of maize under water stress a randomized complete block with split plot factorial arrangement with three replications at research farm of the bu ali sina university was conducted in 2014. three levels of irrigation after 60, 90 and 120 mm evaporation from evaporation a pan was as...

Degraded soils in Northwest China are mostly nonproductive due to imbalanced nutrient and inadequate water supply. The effects of manure application at three different rates (7.5, 15.0, and 22.5 t ha) combined with chemical fertilizers on soil water and Water-Use Efficiency in maize [compared with chemical fertilizers (control)], under semi-arid conditions in dark Loessial soil and over a perio...

Paleoelevation reconstruction using stable isotopes, although a relatively new science, is making a signifi cant contribution to our understanding of the recent growth of the world’s major orogens. In this review we examine the use of both light stable isotopes of oxygen and the new “clumped-isotope” (Δ47) carbonate thermometer in carbonates from soils. Globally, the oxygen isotopic composition...

Historical drainage improvements have created complex hydrological regimes in many low-lying, wet coastal grassland areas. The manipulation of ditch water levels is a common management technique to maintain important in-stream and in-field habitats in such areas. However, in wet grasslands with low soil conductivities the water table in the centre of each field is not closely coupled to variati...

A meta-analysis data-driven approach is developed to represent the soil evaporative efficiency (SEE) defined as the ratio of actual to potential soil evaporation. The new model is tested across a bare soil database composed of more than 30 sites around the world, a clay fraction range of 0.02–0.56, a sand fraction range of 0.05–0.92, and about 30,000 acquisition times. SEE is modeled using a so...

Pakistan experiences a variety of climates ranging from a small humid patch in the north to extremely arid southern plains. Evapotranspiration is not a directly measurable element among agrometeorological parameters influencing crop growth and development. Many empirical and semi-empirical methods for estimation of crop evapotranspiration exist and are being used by individual scientists and re...