Models for English The majority of ‘Outer Circle’ (Kachru 1985, 1992) speakers of English speak English as a second language: that is, they have not grown up speaking English from infancy, and they use it with people from their own country. In Outer Circle countries, there are also substantial numbers of native speakers of English, people who have learnt English from infancy. The English of the...

An English utterance was synthesized in four versions using sets of diphones produced under four different prosodic and contextual conditions. The synthesis used either accented diphones only or appropriately located accented and unaccented diphones, with each of these conditions being repeated using neutral-context and differentiated-context diphones. They were presented to two listener groups...

Enemy release and biotic resistance are competing, but not mutually exclusive, hypotheses addressing the success or failure of non-native plants entering a new region. Enemy release predicts that exotic plants become invasive by escaping their co-adapted herbivores and by being unrecognized or unpalatable to native herbivores that have not been selected to consume them. In contrast, biotic resi...

Abstract. Background: Studies on the health of minors with refugee background (RM) often focus symptoms and risks. In contrast to these deficit-oriented approaches, present study examined well-being resources RM. Aims: The aim was get an overview extent which RM differ from both migration (MM) as well native (NM) regarding resources. addition, sought identify that are significant for well-being...

The international assessment studies of key competences, such as the PISA report of the OECD, have revealed that the academic performance of Spanish students is significantly below the OECD average. In addition, it has also been confirmed that the results of immigrant students are consistently lower than those of their native counterparts. Given the context, the first objective of this work is ...