There are two common but quite distinct interpretations of probabilities: they can be interpreted as a measure of the extent to which an agent believes an assertion, i.e., as an agent’s degree of belief, or they can be interpreted as an assertion of relative frequency, i.e., as a statistical measure. Used as statistical measures probabilities can represent various assertions about the objective...

This work describes a new systematic construction approach for irregular low-density parity-check codes based on the splitting-and-filling technique. The generated code using this proposed method not only has a given degree distribution pair but also has girth of at least six. More importantly, by carefully filling the elements of the variable (check) node sets during the generating process, we...

What is the relationship between degrees of belief and (all-or-nothing) beliefs? Can the latter be expressed as a function of the former, without running into paradoxes? We reassess this “belief-binarization” problem from the perspective of judgmentaggregation theory. Although some similarities between belief binarization and judgment aggregation have been noted before, the literature contains ...

The twentieth century witnessed an unprecedented form of poetry translation practiced by poets. Variously called a “translation” or “adaptation,” an “imitation” or “version,” the resulting text may have departed so widely from its source as to constitute a wholesale revision or it may have involved a source language of which the poet-translator was ignorant, therefore requiring the use of a clo...

Abstract This paper proposes a two-step procedure in order to identify belief shocks—shocks expectations about the current state of economy. First, we use Survey Professional Forecasters measure nowcast errors contemporaneous output growth. Second, extract shocks from errors, once by regressing them on existing measures structural and imposing sign restrictions VAR model. Using both approaches,...

I derive a unique subjective probabilistic belief p and Bayesian updating for this belief from ambiguity averse preferences. To do so, I assume an exogenous information set ∆ of possible probabilistic scenarios on the state space S. Every uncertain prospect f is evaluated via a mixture of the unique subjective belief p with the least favorable scenario for f in the set ∆. The weight of p in thi...

The paper presents a new fuzzy agreement measure γf for determining the agreement in multi-label and subjective annotation task. In this annotation framework, one data item may belong to a category or a class with a belief value denoting the degree of confidence of an annotator in assigning the data item to that category. We have provided a notion of disagreement based on the belief values prov...

Some have argued that belief in God is intuitive, a natural (by-)product of the human mind given its cognitive structure and social context. If this is true, the extent to which one believes in God may be influenced by one's more general tendency to rely on intuition versus reflection. Three studies support this hypothesis, linking intuitive cognitive style to belief in God. Study 1 showed that...

Given a knowledge base KB containing rst-order and statistical facts, we consider a principled method, called the random-worlds method, for computing a degree of belief that some formula ' holds given KB. If we are reasoning about a world or system consisting of N individuals, then we can consider all possible worlds, or rst-order models, with domain f1; : : :; Ng that satisfy KB, and compute t...

Some have argued that belief in God is intuitive, a natural (by-)product of the human mind given its cognitive structure and social context. If this is true, the extent to which one believes in God may be influenced by one’s more general tendency to rely on intuition versus reflection. Three studies support this hypothesis, linking intuitive cognitive style to belief in God. Study 1 showed that...