The solubility of fatty acids and cholesterol in bile does not appear to be due to the formation of soluble compounds of the choleic acid type. The bile is made up chiefly of the conjugated bile salts and such compounds with conjugated bile acids or salts have not been isolated (1). It is generally agreed that the solution of oils in aqueous solutions of soaps is associated with the micelle for...

The processing of dietary lipids can be distinguished in several sequential steps, including their emulsification, hydrolysis and micellization, before they are absorbed by the enterocytes. Emulsification of lipids starts in the stomach and is mediated by physical forces and favoured by the partial lipolysis of the dietary lipids due to the activity of gastric lipase. The process of lipid diges...

We demonstrate that therapeutically useful amounts of insulin are absorbed by the nasal mucosa of human beings when administered as a nasal spray with the common bile salts. By employing a series of bile salts with subtle differences in the number, position, and orientation of their nuclear hydroxyl functions and alterations in side chain conjugation, we show that adjuvant potency for nasal ins...

Journal of Lipid Research Volume 53, 2012 1535 Copyright © 2012 by the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc. They facilitate lipid absorption, inhibit microbe growth in the biliary tract and intestine, and function as signaling molecules that regulate energy expenditure and carbohydrate and lipid metabolism ( 2 ). The bile salt pool is maintained in an enterohepatic circ...

Autotaxin (ATX) generates the lipid mediator lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). ATX-LPA signalling is involved in multiple biological and pathophysiological processes, including vasculogenesis, fibrosis, cholestatic pruritus and tumour progression. ATX has a tripartite active site, combining a hydrophilic groove, a hydrophobic lipid-binding pocket and a tunnel of unclear function. We present crystal ...

The entrapment of anticancer drug ellipticine in the dipalmitoylphosphocholine (DPPC) liposome and its release by addition of three different bile salts, namely sodium deoxycholate, cholate and taurocholate, have been studied by steady state and time resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. We found that the release of the drug from a liposome depends on the degree of penetration of bile salts. Amon...

The influence of the primary bile salts taurocholate and chenodeoxycholate on the neuromuscular blockade of the non-depolarizing drugs Org 6368, pancuronium, Org NC 45 and hexafluorenium was studied in cats. An increase in the effects of these agents, all possessing widely varying molecular structures, was found following administration of the bile salts. The bile salt concentrations in plasma ...

  Objective(s): Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) is one of the most common digestive disorders that frequently lead to pulmonary complications due to gastric fluid aspiration. In the present experimental study, chronic aspiration of gastric fluid, its components and bile salts in rat lung was performed to find out the main factor(s) causing pulmonary complications of gastric fluid aspirat...

A growing body of evidence has demonstrated that bile salts are important for liver regeneration following partial hepatectomy. The relative bile salt overload after partial liver resection causes activation of bile salt receptors in non-parenchymal (viz. the plasma membrane receptor TGR5) and parenchymal (viz. the intracellular receptor FXR) cells in the liver, thus, providing signals to the r...

Faecal bile salt elimination, which was determined in patients with ulcerative colitis, was mostly within normal limits, suggesting that in this disease water and electrolyte diarrhoea was hardly contributed to by excessive amounts of bile salts in the large bowel. In a therapeutic trial cholestyramine had no beneficial effect on the general condition, diarrhoea, or faecal composition, findings...