effects of yeast extract (ye) (0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5 and 1%) were investigated on rosmarinic acid (ra) accumulation and tyrosine aminotransferase (tat) gene expression in melissa officinalis seedlings at different time intervals (4 and 17 hours). based on the results, only ye concentrations of 0.05%, 0.1%, and 0.2%, for the 17-hour treatment, significantly stimulated ra biosynthesis pathway. a...

Abstract Larval metamorphosis, the planktonic larvae transited into benthic juveniles, is a short important phase for mollusks. However, information about mechanism of its larval settlement and metamorphosis Pinctada fucata martensii still limited. In this study, metabolomic transcriptomic approaches were applied to assess metabolic transcript changes among different stage groups P. f. understa...

The L-galactose (Smirnoff-Wheeler) pathway represents the major route to L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C) biosynthesis in higher plants. Arabidopsis thaliana VTC2 and its paralogue VTC5 function as GDP-L-galactose phosphorylases converting GDP-L-galactose to L-galactose-1-P, thus catalyzing the first committed step in the biosynthesis of L-ascorbate. Here we report that the L-galactose pathway of as...

As newly synthesized glycoproteins move through the secretory pathway, the asparagine-linked glycan (N-glycan) undergoes extensive modifications involving the sequential removal and addition of sugar residues. These modifications are critical for the proper assembly, quality control and transport of glycoproteins during biosynthesis. The importance of N-glycosylation is illustrated by a growing...

Antimycins are anticancer compounds produced by a hybrid nonribosomal peptide synthetase/polyketide synthase (NRPS/PKS) pathway. The biosynthesis of these is well characterized, with the exception standalone ?-ketoreductase enzyme AntM that proposed to catalyze reduction C8 carbonyl antimycin scaffold. Inactivation antM and structural characterization suggested rather than functioning as post-P...

The biosynthetic pathway of L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in plants has been established for several years. However, recent reports describe alternative pathways, revealing a more complex picture of L-ascorbic acid biosynthesis than had been expected. GDP-L-gulose and myo-inositol are proposed as new intermediates in L-ascorbic acid biosynthesis, indicating that part of the animal pathway might a...

Haloferax mediterranei is able to accumulate the bioplastic poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) with more than 10 mol% 3-hydroxyvalerate (3HV) from unrelated carbon sources. However, the pathways that produce propionyl coenzyme A (propionyl-CoA), an important precursor of 3HV monomer, have not yet been determined. Bioinformatic analysis of H. mediterranei genome indicated that t...

Light serves as a crucial environmental cue which modulates plant growth and development, is controlled by multiple photoreceptors including the primary red light photoreceptor, phytochrome B (phyB). The signaling mechanism of phyB involves direct interactions with group basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors, PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTORS (PIFs), negative regulators photomorphog...

On analysing the effect of catechin on intestinal lipid metabolism, an increase in the concentration of cholesterol in the duodenum and jejunum was observed along with an increase in the HMGCoA reductase activity. In the in vitro experiments also it was found that cholesterol and free fatty acid (FFA) levels were increased in these two regions. Binding of catechin with cholesterol in the lumen,...