Pathogenesis Hoerlein determined that intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) accounted for 2.02% of all diseases diagnosed in dogs (Hoerlein 1952). Incidence of IVDD peaks at 4 to 6 years of age in chondrodystrophic breeds and at 6 to 8 years in nonchondrodystrophic breeds (Priester 1976). The Dachshund had the highest frequency followed in succession by the Pekingese, Welsh corgi, Beagle, Lhasa Ap...

The intervertebral disc is a critical part of the intersegmental soft tissue of the spinal column, providing flexibility and mobility, while absorbing large complex loads. Spinal disease, including disc herniation and degeneration, may be a significant contributor to low back pain. Clinically, disc herniations are treated with both nonoperative and operative methods. Operative treatment for dis...

General Relativity effects (gravitational redshift, light bending, ...) strongly modify the characteristics of the lines emitted close to the Black Hole in Active Galactic Nuclei and Galactic Black Hole systems. These effects are reviewed and illustrated, with particular emphasis on line emission from the accretion disc. Methods, based on the iron line, to measure the two astrophysically releva...

In this paper we discuss the evolution of gravitationally unstable pre-galactic discs that result from the collapse of haloes at high redshift z ≈ 10 or so, which have not yet been enriched by metals. In cases where molecular hydrogen formation is suppressed the discs are maintained at a temperature of a few thousand degrees Kelvin. However, when molecular hydrogen is present cooling can procee...

An e atmosphere is inevitably created around a black hole accretion disc whose spectrum extends to MeV energies. Pairs created in γ − γ collisions outside the disc are blown away by soft radiation (which dominates the bolometric luminosity of the disc) and form a semi-relativistic outflow. We simulate numerically the conversion of the MeV radiation into a vertical e outflow above a disc-like so...

The luminosities of the centers of nearby elliptical galaxies are very low compared to models of thin disc accretion to their black holes at the Bondi rate, typically a few hundredths to a few tenths of a solar mass per year. This has motivated models of inefficiently-radiated accretion that invoke weak electron-ion thermal coupling, and/or inhibited accretion rates due to convection or outflow...

We study vertical structure of radiation pressure dominated disc with a hot corona. We include all the relevant processes like bound–free opacity and convection. We show that the presence of the corona modifies considerably the density and the opacity of the disc surface layers which are important from the point of view of spectrum formation. The surface of the disc with a corona is much denser...