To study Schmallenberg virus (SBV) excretion in bovine semen after experimental infection, two bulls were inoculated subcutaneously with a SBV isolate (1 ml Vero cell culture 106 TCID50). After inoculation (at day 0), semen was collected daily from both animals for 21 days and samples were tested for SBV by qRT-PCR assay. At 24 days post-inoculation both animals were subjected to necropsy and t...

Human papillomavirus (HPV) cause common warts, laryngeal papilloma and genital condylomata and might lead to development of cervical cancer. Lactoferrin (LF) is a member of the transferrin family, which has antiviral activity against HPV-16. LF is an important player in the defense against pathogenic microorganisms and has also been shown to have activity against several viruses including herpe...

To investigate the IgG content and its variations in uterine fluid (UF) during the estrous cycle of the cow and to compare them with those of the blood serum (S), six pairs of serum and UF samples for each phase of the cycle selected out of 240 bovine genital tracts and blood samples were collected from Urmia abattoir. The UF samples were collected by gentle scraping of the endometrium using a ...

Tritrichomonas foetus is a flagellate protozoan and the etiological agent of bovine genital trichomoniasis [1], which is an infectious venereal disease. This parasite is usually found associated with the mucosal surface of the urogenital tract in females or the male preputial and penile membranes. In females, the clinical manifestations may include abortion, with repetition of estrus at irregul...

Roles of probiotic microorganisms in digestive physiology are contributed to enhancing animals health and reducing the incidence of gastrointestinal diseases. Banning the use of antibiotics as growth promoters in poultry in many countries has been contributed to the increasing use of probiotics because long-term use of antibiotics causes antibiotic resistance of pathogenic bacteria in poultry a...

Since 2005, campylobacteriosis become the most important gastrointestinal infectious disease in Europe. The disease affects especially infants under 4 years of age, causing primarily gastroenteric symptoms but also responsible of different extra intestinal pathologies. The most frequent way of infection is considered to be related to contaminated poultry meat consumption. Prevention relies on g...