Hepatic encephalopathy is a frequent complication of cirrhosis, when this event becomes persistent, treatment compliance should be verified and any precipitating factor need to be identified. Also the presence of portosystemic shunts, which are a rare cause of decompensation or persistence hepatic encephalopathy need to be ruled out. In this paper we report the case of a 57 year old man with pe...

To cite: Hegde A, Nair RP, Ganapathy S, et al. BMJ Case Rep Published online: [please include Day Month Year] doi:10.1136/bcr-2015213619 DESCRIPTION The ventriculoperitoneal shunt has been the mainstay for definitive treatment of hydrocephalus since time immemorial. As such, several case reports describing the complications of this procedure have been documented in the literature over the past ...

 We present an unusual case of extensive avascular malformations (AVMs) causing non-cirrhotic portal hypertension. This phenomenon, though previously described, is a rare clinical entity which, in the setting of life threatening portal hypertension, may require vascular decompression either by surgery or a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt.

In this report, we describe a case of multiple brain abscesses associated with diffuse congenital pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVM). Although the cases of brain abscesses associated with congenital PAVM are very rare, the brain abscess could be an initial clinical manifestation in asymptomatic PAVM as in the case presented in this report. PAVM may contribute to the development of a b...

Dear Editor, A ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt is effective for hydrocephalus. However, the shunt may malfunction due to obstruction, breakage, migration, or infection [1]. Slit ventricle syndrome (SVS) is a rare symptomatic condition presenting with neuroimaging findings of small ventricles in a patient with a VP shunt. Accurate diagnosis can be difficult and adequate treatment may be delayed ...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE MR imaging is used in the diagnostic evaluation of patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence of several imaging features and their prognostic use in the selection of shunt candidates with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. MATERIALS AND METHODS Preoperative MR imaging scans of the brain were retro...

UNLABELLED Cryptogenic stroke might relate to paradoxical embolism stemming from right-to-left shunt caused by patent foramen ovale (PFO). We performed radionuclide venography using the Valsalva maneuver, followed by (99m)Tc-macroaggregated albumin (MAA) brain SPECT to investigate the fate of emboli originating from the lower extremities. METHODS Ten patients (9 men, 1 woman; mean age, 61 +/-...

Abstract Introduction A decompressive craniectomy (DC) is a surgical procedure sometimes utilised to manage refractory intracranial hypertension following severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI). Previous studies have established relationship between DC and post-traumatic hydrocephalus (PTH). This study aimed identify the factors responsible for developing shunt-amenable in patients who underwent ...

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) are cardiac hormones that are involved in water and electrolyte homeostasis in heart failure. Although both hormones exert almost identical biological actions, the differential regulation of cardiac ANP and BNP mRNA in compensated and overt heart failure is not known. To study the hypothesis that cardiac BNP is more specifical...