Axial migration of red blood cells in small glass tubes can cause blood viscosity to be effectively independent of shear rate. However, this phase separation may not occur to the same degree in the venous network due to infusion of cells and aggregates at branch points. To investigate this hypothesis, we followed trajectories of fluorescently labeled red blood cells in the venular network of th...

Many biomechanical and theoretical studies have been based on the pipe-model theory, according to which a tree is regarded as an assemblage of pipes, each having the same amount of leaf area or leaf mass. However, the physiological mechanisms underlying the theory have not been extensively examined, particularly at the branch level. We analyzed how branches and trunks thickened in nine young Ac...

Cortical pyramidal cells store multiple features of complex synaptic input in individual dendritic branches and independently regulate the coupling between dendritic and somatic spikes. Branch points in apical trees exhibit wide ranges of sizes and shapes, and the large diameter ratio between trunk and oblique dendrites exacerbates impedance mismatch. The morphological diversity of dendritic bi...

Flow analysis at microvascular bifurcation after partial replacement of red blood cell (RBC) with liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin (LEH) was performed using the lattice Boltzmann method. A two-dimensional symmetric Y bifurcation model with a parent vessel diameter of 20 mum and daughter branch diameters of 20 microm was considered, and the distributions of the RBC, LEH, and oxygen fluxes were c...

The bounded diameter minimum spanning tree problem is an NP-hard combinatorial optimization problem arising for example in network design when quality of service is of concern. We solve a strong integer linear programming formulation based on so-called jump cuts by a novel Branch&Cut algorithm, using various heuristics including tabu search to solve the separation problem.

The branch autonomy principle, which states that the growth of individual branches can be predicted from their morphology and position in the forest canopy irrespective of the characteristics of the tree, has been used to simplify models of branch growth in trees. However, observed changes in allocation priority within trees towards branches growing in light-favoured conditions, referred to as ...

The bounded diameter minimum spanning tree (BDMST) problem is NP-hard and appears e.g. in communication network design when considering certain quality of service requirements. Prior exact approaches for the BDMST problem mostly rely on network flow-based mixed integer linear programming and Miller-Tucker-Zemlin-based formulations. This article presents a new, compact 0–1 integer linear program...

A case of lateral ponto-medullary infarction was studied pathologically using serial sections of the involved region. The infarct involved 4 mm of the lower pons and 10 mm of the upper medulla. The feeding arteries of most of the infarct were traced back to form one small artery 350 micron in diameter which arose from an artery 2 mm in diameter identified as the posterior inferior cerebellar ar...

BACKGROUND The left internal mammary artery (LIMA) is the choice for grafting of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD). One possible mechanism of the rare graft failure involve the presence of competitive flow. METHOD 105 patients who had undergone coronary bypass grafting between 1998 and 2000 were included in this observational study. The recatheterizations were performed 28 mo...