نتایج جستجو برای: bulgaria
تعداد نتایج: 5120 فیلتر نتایج به سال:
INTRODUCTION The pricing and reimbursement process in Bulgaria is based on different approaches implemented by NCPR among which is external and internal reference pricing A pharmacoeconomic guidelines (PE) with a HTA approach for assessment of submitted dossiers was implemented y the competent authority (CA) in Bulgaria in April 2015. Requirements for efficacy, safety, benefits, adverse events,...
This paper seeks to outline the challenges of tobacco consumption control in the transitional economy of Bulgaria. It focuses on issues of taxation, high unemployment, and smuggling while attempting to meet European Union (EU) requirements for tobacco control legislation that reduces smoking consumption. The issue of tobacco control is not a simple one and requires a multi-pronged approach. Whi...
BACKGROUND Knowledge of stroke risk factors is undocumented in Bulgaria. METHODS 188 subjects in 2000 and 447 in 2003 were asked: 'Why do you think stroke is so common in this region?' RESULTS Stress and poverty accounted for 69% of the first mentions in 2000 and 59% in 2003. There were no mentions of high blood pressure and no first mentions of smoking in 2000. High blood pressure appears ...
AIM Influenza virological surveillance is an essential tool for studying the evolution of influenza viruses as well as for annual updating of the vaccine composition. The aim of the present study is to analyse the circulation of the influenza viruses in Bulgaria during the four recent post-pandemic seasons. METHODS A total of 3,681 respiratory samples from patients with influenza like illness...
We report on the identification of two new Francisella-like endosymbionts (FLEs) found in three different tick species from Bulgaria. The FLEs were characterized by 16S rRNA and tul4 gene sequencing and seem to lack the molecular marker RD1. These two new taxa seem to be facultative secondary endosymbionts of ticks.
Limited information is available to describe the molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 in Bulgaria. To better understand the genetic diversity and the epidemiologic dynamics of HIV-1 we analyzed 125 new polymerase (pol) sequences from Bulgarians diagnosed through 2009 and 77 pol sequences available from our previous study from persons infected prior to 2007. Epidemiologic and demographic information ...
This paper describes an approach that has been adopted at the American University in Bulgaria in order to assess the Computer Science degree program for accreditation purposes.
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