awareness of the effects of fire on various aspects of an ecosystem after the fire,is important for range management. changes in soil physical and chemical propertiescaused by fire can be the cause of changes in the vegetation. in this study, effects of fire onphysical and chemical characteristics of soil were investigated. this research was carriedout in a randomized block design method in the...

A novel asymmetric zinc (II) phthalocyanine substituted by one lipophilic octadecyloxyl group and three hydrophilic glucosyl groups was synthesized. Using Q-TOF MS, the major byproducts formed during the deprotection processes were identified. An improved procedure was worked out to convert these byproducts to the desired product in quantitative yield.

 In recent years, rangelands have been regarded as potential carbon sinks. One of the most widely suggested options to sequester more C in rangelands is the restoration of the degraded rangelands through grazing the exclusion. In present study, the effects of exclusion on the carbon sequestration of Gomishan rangelands were investigated. Three transects were established in a key area inside and...

Yearling and calf finishing trials (replicated over 2 yr) evaluated the feeding value of wet distillers byproducts (wet distillers grains and thin stillage). An additional trial estimated the amount of thin stillage bypassing the rumen when consumed by drinking. Yearlings were 5, 10, and 20% more efficient (linear, P < .01; quadratic, P = .05), whereas calves were 2, 6, and 14% more efficient (...

Rangelands in Saudi Arabia extend over more than 175 m.ha. (about 75% of country land area) while woodland forests occupy only 2.7 m.ha. and are limited to the south western highlands. The diversity in landscape has been reflected in terrestrial plant species diversity. Range vegetation as well as forest understory vegetation has long history of grazing by livestock and wildlife herbivores. In ...