Design defects affect project quality and hinder development maintenance. Consequently, experts need to minimize these in software systems. A promising approach is apply the concepts of refactoring at higher level abstraction based on UML diagrams instead code level. Unfortunately, we find literature many that are described textually there no consensus how decide if a particular design violates...

Abstract Varying coefficient models are a flexible extension of generic parametric whose coefficients functions set effect-modifying covariates instead fitted constants. They capable achieving higher model complexity while preserving the structure underlying models, hence generating interpretable predictions. In this paper we study use gradient boosted decision trees as those coefficient-decidi...