quantifying spatial structure is one of the most important components, describing natural ecosystems and their biodiversity. in this study, a set of indices and functions related to spatial structure using 102 established plots with an area of 1000 m2 were presented. to achieve spatial structure of carpinus-fagus type, a set of indices (clark & evans, uniform angle, shannon-wiener, mingling and...

The expanding phenomenon of dieback is caused by the reaction of trees against the harmful biotic and a biotic factor that lead to dying of shoots and branches of trees from upper crown to lower crown. This phenomenon spreads throughout the leaves and branches and all parts of the plant and may finally lead to the death of the plant. This study aimed to identify species dieback especially Carpi...

Four rust raxa in 3 genera and one form genus are newly recorded for Iran. Among these, Melampsoridium is a new genus for the Iranian rust flora. M. carpini on Carpinus sp., Coleosporium inulae on Inula salicina ssp. aspera, Puccinia saniculae on Sanicula europea and Uredo Otostegiae on otostegia persica are repoted for the first time in Iran. Number of urediniospore pores formerly believed 2 i...

Bu çalışmada, Zonguldak Gökgöl Mağarası yakınlarında Doğu kayını (Fagus orientalis Lipsky), Anadolu kestanesi (Castanea sativa Mill.) ve Adi gürgen (Carpinus betulus L.) türlerinden oluşan karışık meşcerede münferit halde bulunan 4 adet yaşlı Taxus baccata L. bireyinin anıtsal özellikleri incelenmiştir. Tahmini yaşları 915 ila 1180 arasında değişen bu ağaçların Şimdiki Anıtsal Değerleri (ŞAD) 7...